There are many examples of these great monuments and temples throughout Egypt from the pyramid complex at Giza in the north to the temple at Karnak in the south. Among these, the mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut (1479-1458 BCE) at Deir el-Bahri stands out as one of the most impressive.
The eldest daughter of King Thutmose I, Hatshepsut first assumed the role of queen regent during the 18th dynasty after the death of her husband, Thutmose II. Although her stepson, Thutmose III, eventually came of age, she adopted the title of pharaoh and ruled for more than two decades.
She was one of ancient Egypt's first female pharaohs.
Hatshepsut died in 1458 B.C.E. and was buried in the Valley of the Kings. Although she went to great lengths to be remembered after her death, Thutmose III carried out a sweeping campaign to destroy her legacy 20 years later. He crushed her statues, defaced her images, and erased her cartouche. Some say it was an act of vengeance, others believe it was to ensure a smooth succession of his own son to the throne. A third theory proposes that he didn't want the rule of kings—Thutmose I, II, and III—interrupted by a woman. Between 1923 and 1931, the Egyptian Expedition of the Metropolitan Museum of Art excavated fragments of her destroyed statues, which were dumped into pits in front of the temple.
Whatever the reason, Thutmose’s efforts were successful and Hatshepsut's pioneering reign was slowly forgotten. When scholars deciphered hieroglyphics in the early 19th century, they were finally able to read the inscriptions on her temple and piece together the story. Today, her legacy lives on in her surviving architectural achievements throughout Egypt.
The building was modeled after the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II (c. 2061-2010 BCE), the great Theban prince who founded the 11th Dynasty and initiated the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE). Mentuhotep II was considered a 'second Menes' by his contemporaries, a reference to the legendary king of the First Dynasty of Egypt, and he continued to be venerated highly throughout the rest of Egypt’s history. The temple of Mentuhotep II was built during his reign across the river from Thebes at Deir el-Bahri, the first structure to be raised there. It was a completely innovative concept in that it would serve as both tomb and temple.
Walking through the first courtyard (ground level), one could go directly through the archways on either side (which led down alleys to small ramps up to the second level) or stroll up the central ramp, whose entrance was flanked by statues of lions. On the second level, there were two reflecting pools and sphinxes lining the pathway to another ramp which brought a visitor up to the third level.
The temple is open year-round from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Hatshepsut’s temple is just one of many archaeological wonders that make up Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Almost everyone is society has a job to do. Having work is important as it gives certain social status, pays salary and maintains self-esteem. Job can be rather rewarding. However, many people nowadays are leading hectic lifestyles. They work too much and have little breaks. This inevitably leads to stress. We often hear the word “stress” in everyday life, although it is not clear what it really is. “Stress” means pressure and tension. It is a common problem in modern life. Unfortunately, too much stress results into physical, emotional and mental health problems. The reasons for stress are numerous. It’s not only overworking or having no time for rest. Stress factors also include dangerous situations, difficulties at home, divorce, loss of close friends, etc. Changes for the better can also cause stress. For example, getting married, having a baby, moving houses, entering a university. Of course, everything depends on the way a person reacts. Experts advise not to worry too much and stay calm in any situation. It is very important to try to avoid stress or at least to minimize it. When noticed on early stages, it can be fixed easier. One of the best ways to fight stress is to keep a sense of humor in difficult situations. Even doctors agree that laughter is the best medicine for all diseases. Other ways to cope with stress include regular leisure activities and interesting hobbies. If someone feels depressed, a good solution is taking up yoga classes or swimming, bicycling, knitting, gardening, painting, etc. Anything, that can help a person to relax and get a new lease on life, is considered to be helpful.
There are many examples of these great monuments and temples throughout Egypt from the pyramid complex at Giza in the north to the temple at Karnak in the south. Among these, the mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut (1479-1458 BCE) at Deir el-Bahri stands out as one of the most impressive.
The eldest daughter of King Thutmose I, Hatshepsut first assumed the role of queen regent during the 18th dynasty after the death of her husband, Thutmose II. Although her stepson, Thutmose III, eventually came of age, she adopted the title of pharaoh and ruled for more than two decades.
She was one of ancient Egypt's first female pharaohs.
Hatshepsut died in 1458 B.C.E. and was buried in the Valley of the Kings. Although she went to great lengths to be remembered after her death, Thutmose III carried out a sweeping campaign to destroy her legacy 20 years later. He crushed her statues, defaced her images, and erased her cartouche. Some say it was an act of vengeance, others believe it was to ensure a smooth succession of his own son to the throne. A third theory proposes that he didn't want the rule of kings—Thutmose I, II, and III—interrupted by a woman. Between 1923 and 1931, the Egyptian Expedition of the Metropolitan Museum of Art excavated fragments of her destroyed statues, which were dumped into pits in front of the temple.
Whatever the reason, Thutmose’s efforts were successful and Hatshepsut's pioneering reign was slowly forgotten. When scholars deciphered hieroglyphics in the early 19th century, they were finally able to read the inscriptions on her temple and piece together the story. Today, her legacy lives on in her surviving architectural achievements throughout Egypt.
The building was modeled after the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II (c. 2061-2010 BCE), the great Theban prince who founded the 11th Dynasty and initiated the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE). Mentuhotep II was considered a 'second Menes' by his contemporaries, a reference to the legendary king of the First Dynasty of Egypt, and he continued to be venerated highly throughout the rest of Egypt’s history. The temple of Mentuhotep II was built during his reign across the river from Thebes at Deir el-Bahri, the first structure to be raised there. It was a completely innovative concept in that it would serve as both tomb and temple.
Walking through the first courtyard (ground level), one could go directly through the archways on either side (which led down alleys to small ramps up to the second level) or stroll up the central ramp, whose entrance was flanked by statues of lions. On the second level, there were two reflecting pools and sphinxes lining the pathway to another ramp which brought a visitor up to the third level.
The temple is open year-round from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Hatshepsut’s temple is just one of many archaeological wonders that make up Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
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