3. Study the text and find the English equivalents. 1 есть много проблем, которые необходимо принять во внимание...
2 чтобы защитить от повреждений ...
3. ... транспортировка должна быть организована...
4. ... в зависимости от условий ...
5 плата за упаковку...
6. ... правительство стимулирует экспортную торговлю, оказывая и создавая стимулы для экспортеров ...
7 правительство несет потери ...
8. ... компания платит за ...
When a company exports goods abroad there are many problems it must consider, e.g. packaging, transportation, insurance and payment. First the goods must be packed carefully in containers to protect them from damage. The containers (or crates) must be labeled clearly to show where they are going. The label may also show what the crates/containers contain.
Goods can be transported by sea or by air, by a shipping company or by an airline. If the goods are shipped, then transportation must be arranged from the factory to the docks (or quay). This can either be by road in trucks (or lorries) or by rail. The shipment must be insured (covered) against loss or damage in transit (while it is being transported). Sometimes the exporter takes out insurance and sometimes the importer insures the shipment depending on the terms of their agreement. If the goods are damaged in transit the company is covered by the insurance.
Obviously someone has to pay for all these things. While goods are in transit they are called freight (or cargo), so the company pays freight rates (or shipping costs) to the ship ping company, or if the goods are being transported by air, to the airline. The cargo is loaded at the docks, or at the airport, and for this the company pays handling charges. Also the company must pay packaging charge/costs.
Exporting brings foreign currency into the countries, so governments encourage export trade by giving assistance and incentives to exporters. Often companies borrow money from banks to finance exporting. This money is called export credit. A government department called the E. C. G. D. (Export, Credit and Guarantee Department) gives a guarantee to the bank. This guarantee means the government carries the loss if the foreign buyer does not pay. It is a kind of insurance cover for the bank and the export/exporting company. Another form of government assistance or incentive is tax relief or tax advantages. Every company must pay a proportion of its earnings to the government in the form of tax. Tax relief means that exporters pay less tax on money earned abroad.
A
Is Kate at home or at school?Are they in England or in Scotland? Is Oxford far from London or near London? Is she a writer or a painter? Is she interested in music or in drawing? Are you seventeen or eighteen years old? Was the ice thin or thick on the river? Was that Jane or Ann on the phone? Was he rude or polite with you? Will it be cold or warm tomorrow? Will the weather be fine or rainy next year?
B
Do they have a house or a flat in Minsk? Does my friend have a lot of English or French books? Did our family have a rest in the countryside or abroad last summer? Do you usually have coffee or tea in the morning? Do you have meals three or four times a day? Will you have five or six lessons tomorrow?