4 10.3.2 10.3.6 10.4.2 10.4.7 Read the text and answer the questions. Discuss with your partner. 1. What physical change did the Boston scientists see in the mice in their experiment?
2. What problem is there with performing the Boston procedure on people?
3. What builds up in our cells as we age?
4. What did the New York scientists achieve?
5. What global problem does the writer mention that could be affected by anti-aging treatments?
6. How does eating tomatoes help us achieve younger-looking skin?
7. Why might reversing the aging process one day become a reality?
Текст:
1. The results of a recent experiment to slow the effects of the aging process in mice amazed scientists in Boston, USA. The scientists increased the amount of an enzyme called telomerase in the cells of the mice. Telomerase is an important enzyme because it repairs DNA. With increased telomerase in their cells, the mice's fertility improved, their fur began to look healthier, even their brains worked better. The scientists were hoping simply to slow the aging process in mice but, much to their surprise, they actually reversed it!
2. Could we use the same process to stop humans from aging? It's possible, but it wouldn't be without risks. Scientists believe increasing the level of telomerase in human cells would put people at greater risk of cancer. What's more, it's unlikely that simply increasing telomerase would be enough to keep us young because hundreds of enzymes are involved in the aging process.
3. Although scientists don't yet know exactly how and why we age, they have several theories. One theory is that as time passes, our bodies become less efficient at removing toxins from our cells. One way to try to stop the aging process is to keep cells as clean as possible. Scientists in New York successfully used this technique to restore the livers of old mice. The researchers bred special mice that did not lose their ability to remove damaged proteins from their livers. When chese special mice were two years old, their livers were as bealthy as the livers of ordinary one-month old mice. Although these special mice with youthful livers didn't live any longer than ordinary mice, scientists believe this study could eventually lead to ways of protecting humans from the diseases we get in old age.
4. Of course, if scientists ever do succeed in developing drugs that combat the aging process we will need to ask ourselves whether it is right to use them. For instance, should we keep people young and healthy artificially when, already, there are far too many people on the planet?
5. What if you can't wait for these future developments though? Well, scientists may not yet be able to stop you from aging, but they do know a way you can keep yourself looking younger - tomatoes! Tomatoes contain a substance called lycopene which helps prevent one of the main causes of skin aging: sun damage. Researchers in the UK asked a group of people to eat a serving of cooked tomatoes every day for 12 weeks. They then compared their skin to the skin of people who hadn't eaten any tomatoes. The skin of the people who ate the tomatoes was much less likely to burn in the sun. Eating tomatoes also increases the levels of procollagen in your skin. Procollagen helps keep skin firm, so the more you have in your skin, the less likely you are to get wrinkles. So while living forever is still just a fantasy, nature has at least provided a way for us to keep looking as young as possible, for as long as possible!
Объяснение:
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and above five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 315 000 square kilometers. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast respectively.
The British isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest - east, center and southeast - is a vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis is the highest mountain. (1343 m.)
There are a lot of rivers in GB, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.
The UK is one of the world’s smallest countries. The population of the country is over 87 million and about 80% of it is urban. The UK is highly developed industrial country. It’s known as one of world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. The UK is constitutional monarchy. In law, the Head of State is the Queen, but in practice, the Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties. The Liberal party is the ruling party nowadays.
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Великобритания
Соединенное королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии расположено на Британских островах. Британские острова состоят из двух больших островов, Великобритании и Ирландии, и более пяти тысяч маленьких островов. Их общая площадь - более 315 000 квадратных километров. Великобритания состоит из четырех стран: Англии, Шотландии, Уэльса и Северной Ирландии. Их столицы - Лондон, Эдинбург, Кардифф и Белфаст соответственно.
Британские острова отделены от Европейского континента Северным морем и проливом Ла-Манш. Западное побережье Великобритании омывается Атлантическим океаном и Ирландским морем. Поверхность Британских островов очень разнообразна. Север Шотландии горист и называется Высокогорьем, в то время как юг, на котором находятся красивые долины и равнины, называется Среднешотландской низменностью. Север и запад Англии горист, но все остальное - восток, центр и юго-восток - является обширной равниной. Горы - не очень высоки. Бен-Невис - самая высокая гора. (1343 м)
В Великобритании есть много рек, но они не очень длинные. Северн - самая длинная река, в то время как Темза самая глубокая и наиболее важная.
Великобритания - одна из самых маленьких стран в мире. Население страны - более 87 миллионов человек и приблизительно 80% из них живут в городах. Великобритания высоко индустриально развитая страна. Она известна как один из самых крупных в мире производителей и экспортеров машин, электроники, ткани, самолетов и навигационного оборудования. Великобритания - конституционная монархия. По закону, глава государства - Королева, но практически, Королева правит, но не управляет. Страна управляется избранным правительством с премьер-министром во главе. Британский Парламент состоит из двух палат: Палаты лордов и Палаты общин.
В Великобритании есть три главных политических партии: лейбористская, консервативная и либеральная. Либеральная партия - правящая партия в настоящее время.