Date: 09.03.21 Summative assessment for the units «STEM» and «Work & Inventions>>
Learner's name:
Task I. Read the text and mark sentences (1-5) True or False.
What is renewable energy? Renewable energy is energy that is environment-friendly because it is collected from renewable resources, which are
naturally replenished. Examples of these renewable resources include sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. There is a
distinction between renewable energy and alternative energy. The latter is generated from alternatives to fossil fuels and need not be renewable.
Renewable energy often supplies energy in four essential sectors: -The generation of electricity; - Cooling and heating of air; -Means of transport,
-Rural energy services.
There are a lot of benefits to using renewable energy. First, naturally replenished energy resources are found over wide geographical areas, in
contrast to non-renewable resources, which exist only in a limited number of countries. In addition to that, rapid deployment of renewable energy
and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. The results of a recent review
of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from greenhouse gas emissions resulting
in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.
There are other undeniable advantages of renewable energy. Renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing
countries, where energy is often crucial in human development. Former United Nations Secretary-General Ban Kimoon has said that renewable
energy has the ability to lin the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity. Besides, as most renewables provide electricity, renewable energy
deployment is ofien applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits:
- Electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels);
of Electricity can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency.
of Electricity from renewable resources is clean at the point of consumption
In international public opinion surveys, there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power. At the
national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National
renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond. Some places and at least two countries,
Iceland and Norway generate all their electricity using renewable energy already, and many other countries have set a goal to reach 100%
renewable energy in the future. For example, in Denmark, the government decided to switch the total energy supply (electricity, mobility and
heating/cooling) to 100% renewable energy by 2050.
1. Alternative energy is another term for renewable energy.
2. According to statistics, as of 2015, more than fifty percent of all electricity capacity installed was renewable.
3. Renewable energy may be available worldwide.
4. Renewable energy can help developing countries to rise to the new level.
5. Von renewable resources can be produced by all of countries.
She said to us " Do it as soon as you can". She told us a) to do it as soon as we could.
Direct-indirect conversion
При переводе прямой речи в косвенную, временная форма сдвигается на шаг в кроме следующих случаев:
1. Если слова автора в настоящем или будущем времени. He will say that he has been there before. Он скажет, что уже был здесь.
2. Действие в Past Perfect (Continuous) или в Future-in-the-Past.
3. Обстоятельства времени не изменились. He said that he bought it yesterday. Он сказал, что купил это вчера.
4. Утверждение всегда верно. The teacher said that water boils at 100 C. Учитель сказал, что вода кипит при ста градусах.
5. Утверждение верно длительный период времени или в текущем отрезке времени. She said that she loves you. Она сказала, что любит тебя.
6. Сообщение повторяется сразу же. He said that the food is delicious. Он сказал, что еда изыскана.
7. В условных предложениях 2 типа. He said that if he were you, he wouldn’t do that. Он сказал, что на твоём месте он не стал бы этого делать.
8. Желаемые события. She said she wished she were younger. Она о том, что она не моложе.
9. Глагол ought to. He said they ought to be careful. Он сказал, что им следует быть осторожней.
10. Глагол must в значении «должно быть». He said that they must be at home. Он сказал, что они должно быть дома.
Для передачи общих вопросов используется if или whether. Вопросительные предложения передаются с прямым порядком слов: He asked me if/whether they were at home. С глаголом-связкой порядок может быть обратным: He asked me what was the price.
При сдвиге временной формы глагола в в косвенной речи, по ситуации, изменяются обстоятельства места и времени, местоимения, а также, происходит отстранение от эмоций:
this – that, these – those, here – there, now - then (at that moment, at once, immediately), come – go, today – (on) that day, yesterday – the day before(earlier), tomorrow - (on) the next (following) day, last week – the week before, ago - before(earlier), next week – the next (following) week, now that – since, so – very, yes/no – answered in the positive/negative, he - that man, we - they, come - go.
Если из прямой речи лицо не известно, используется местоимение they, а в словах автора wanted to know, wondered:
He said: “Come here”. – He told them to come up to him.
He said: “Where are you going?” – He wanted to know/wondered where they were going.
"Экономика энергетики" известен также другой важной областью прикладной экономики тесно связана с промышленным экономики. Много энергии был использован в современной экономике в последние десятилетия. Ферм, фабрик, заводов, транспорта, а также семей значительно возросло потребление различных источников энергии, поскольку новое современное оборудование и технологии были внедрены.
В дрова и уголь используются в качестве основных источников энергии. Затем, эти источники были заменены газа и нефти в большинстве отраслей промышленности. Однако, в 1970-х источников энергии стало не хватать и стало расти цены на энергоносители. С этого времени серьезные коррективы были сделаны промышленными странами для того, чтобы справиться с энергетическим дефицитом.
За последние несколько десятилетий проблемы экономики энергетики были обсуждены специалистами и правительства многих стран. Регулярные встречи проводятся по OPEC1 формируется в целях регулирования цены на нефть.