Grammar Test 1. Complete the sentence : you speak English? Yes, I can A.Need B. Must C. Does D. Can E. Should 2.Choose the right variant : Assel goes to the university bus A. On B. By C. In D. Of E. A 3.Choose the right variant: any children in the yard? A. Have there B. To be C. Are there D. Is there E. Will there 4.Choose the right variant: you sick last week? A. Was B. Were C. Are D. Has E. Have 5.Complete the sentence: My sister knows English than my brother A. dood B. the best. C. best. D. better E. well. 6.Complete the sentence: Yesterday a public holiday, so libraries closed. They’re open today. A. were / were B. was / was C. wasn’t / were D. was / were E. was / weren’t 7.Choose the right variant: any friends in Almaty? A. Have you got B. Does you have C. Does she has got D. Have she got E. Do she has 8.We an essay from 9 till 10 yesterday. A. were writing B. is writing C. write D. wrote E. have written 9.Complete the sentence: Her parents stay here. A. Will B. Was C. have D. does E. Are 10.Choose the right variant: Switzerland is than Britain A. Smallest B. As small C. Smaller D. As same as E. More small 11.Complete the sentence in the Passive voice: He wrote this book in the 20th century. А.This book was written in the 20th century. В. He will be wrote the book in the 20th century. С. The book wrote in the 20th century. D. He is written this book in the 20th century. Е.The book are written in the 20th century. 12. Complete the sentence: Laura English lesson now. A. Has. B. Are having C. Have. D. Is having. E. Having. 13. Choose the right variant : Icoffee very often. A) don’t drink B)drink not C)doesn’t drink D)drinking not E) not drink 14.Complete the sentence: People to drive more carefully. A. Must B. Could C. Ought D. May E. Would 15.Complete the sentence: Dana dinner yesterday. It was bolognese . A. spent B. watched C. get D. lied E. cooked 16.Choose the right variant : We football in the stadium yesterday. А. plays B. playing C. played D. to play E. was playing 17. Choose the right degree of comparison: This is winter for 20 years . A. the worst B. worst C. worse D. badly E. the more bad 18.Complete the sentence : They be free next week . A. are B. will C. were D. was E. have 19.Find the right variant: In the city the is polluted. A. Woods B. Lakes C. Forests D. Rivers E. Air 20. Choose the right variant : Could yome with this bag, please? A. Help B. To help C .Helping D. To helping Е. Helped
развивающаяся на лишенных жизни территориях — скалах, обрывах, наносах рек, сыпучих песках, застывшей лаве и др. При заселении таких участков живые организмы за счет своего метаболизма изменяют условия проживания и сменяют друг друга. Основная роль принадлежит накоплению отмерших остатков растений и продуктов разложения. Это зависит от характера растительности и от комплекса разрушающих её микроорганизмов, грибов и животных. Постепенно формируется почвенный профиль, изменяется гидрологический режим участка, микроклимат. Такие сукцессии называются в геоботанике — экогенетическими, так как ведут к преобразованию самого местообитания. Процесс первоначального формирования растительного покрова называется также сингенетической сукцессией[1].
Объяснение:
SCOTLAND
Although Scotland forms a part of the United Kingdom, it has a distinct character of its own. In area it is more than half as big as England. Its population is, however, only one-eighth as great — about 5 200 000.
Scotland is a land of romance and it has had a most eventful history. The Picts and Celts lived there before the coming of the Romans to Britain. Those Northern tribes worried the Romans so much that the Great Wall was built to protect the Roman camps in the Northern part of England.
It was in the 11th century that the Normans began to settle in Scotland. Almost all of Scotland's history is associated with and reflected in many castles and forts that are to be seen all over the country. They are very picturesque, having retained their medieval features: stern, proud, impressive, perched high on a rock or at a hillside. Mary, Queen of Scots, the beautiful Mary Stuart was married in one of them, her son James (who was to become James I of England) was born in another.
And now some words about the Highlands. For centuries the Highlands were a strange land, where the king's law common to all the rest of the country, wasn't even known, where C Long after the rest of Britain adopted modern ways they kept to the old life.
In 1603 King James VI of Scotland became King James I of England too, and from then onwards the countries were under the same monarch, though the Act of Union was not passed until 1707. This Act incorporated Scotland with England in the United Kingdom, but the Scots kept their own legal system, religion and administration, centred in Edinburgh.
Edinburgh – the capital of Scotland has always been admired as one of the most beautiful cities. Glasgow – its second city – always had a bad reputation. It was too often seen as a dirty, run-down urban area. But no longer. The buildings have been cleaned up, the streets are tidy and the people now take an obvious pride in their city. Glasgow was chosen to be the cultural capital of Europe 1890.
Not far from Glasgow there is one of the most famous of Scotland's many lakes (called «lochs»), Loch Lomond. Scottish numerous valleys are known as «glens». Scotland is a country with an intense and living national tradition of a kind only too rare in the modern world. It has its distinctive national dress, the kilt, worn only by men. It also has its own typical musical instruments (the pipes, sometimes called «the bagpipes»), its own national form of dancing, its own songs, language, traditions and education. Scotland has even its own national drink, a fact so widely known that one need only ask for «Scotch».
Notes
The Picts and Celts – пикты и кельты (племена)
tribe — племя
camp — лагерь
to pass the Act — принять Акт/Закон (в парламенте)
Тranslate using the text
1.полный событий 11.грязная, жалкая местность
2.доставлять неприятности 12.явная гордость
3.заселять 13.не далеко от
4.замок 14.многочисленные долины
5.живописный 15.сохранять
6.средневековые качества 16.располагались высоко
7.законы короля 17.иметь плохую репутацию
8.объединять 18.национальная одежда для мужчин
9.сохранить свою собственную религию 19.волынка
10.иметь плохую репутацию 20.широко известен
2. Comprehension Check. Complete the sentences.
1. Scotland forms...
2. The Northern tribes...
3. Mary Stuart...
4. The kilt...
3. Answer the questions.
1. What is the population of Scotland?
2. Why was the Great Wall built?
3. Why are there so many castles in the country?
4. What have you learnt about the Highlands?
5. When was the Act of Union passed?
6. What's the country's second city?
7. What do they call Scottish valleys and lakes?
8. Are national traditions still alive in Scotland?
4. Put down words, and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Scotland has … history.
2.The Great Wall was built … in the Northern part of England.
3. Scotland's history is associated with … that are to be seen all over the country.
4. The Highlands were a strange land, where the king's law …
5. The Scots kept their… , centred in Edinburgh.
6. Glasgow was seen … area.
7.People now … in Glasgow.
8. The kilt is … , worn only by men.