History of Computer science The early foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks, such as the abacus, have existed since antiquity. Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator in 1623. Charles Babbage designed a difference engine in Victorian times. Around 1900, punch-card machines were introduced. However, all of these machines were constrained to perform a single task, or at best some subset of all possible tasks. During the 1940s, as newer and more powerful computing machines were developed, the term computer came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors. As it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general. Computer science began to be established as a distinct academic discipline in the 1950s and early 1960s, with the creation of the first computer science departments. Since practical computers became available, many applications of computing have become distinct areas of study. Although many initially believed it impossible that computers themselves may actually be a scientific field of study, in the late fifties it gradually became accepted among the greater academic population. It is the now well-known IBM brand that formed part of the computer science revolution during this time. IBM (short for International Business Machines) released the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709 computers, which were widely used during the exploration period of such devices. "Still, working with the IBM [computer] was frustrating...if you had misplaced as much as one letter in one instruction, the program would crash, and you would have to start the whole process over again". During the late 1950s, the computer science discipline was very much in its developmental stages, and such issues were commonplace. Time has seen significant improvements in the usability and effectiveness of computer science technology. Modern society has seen a significant shift from computers which were used solely by experts or professionals to a more widespread user base.

2. Agree or deny the following statements:

1. IBM 704 predates the invention of the modern digital computer.
2. Wilhelm Schickard designed a difference engine in Victorian times.
3. Charles Babbage built the first mechanical calculator in 1623.
4. All of these machines were constrained to perform a single task.
5. The term computer came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors.
6. A lot of people believed that computers themselves could actually be a scientific field of study.
7. During the late 1950s, the computer science discipline was very much in its developmental stages.

In 1954, a young PhD from the University of priston, Hugh Everett III, proposed quite an amazing assumption that in the galaxy there are parallel universes identical to our universe. According to his point of view, all these universes are connected with our universe, but at the same time, they all deviate from our universe, and our universe in turn is rejected from all others. Probably in other universes too, was their war, which may have had a somewhat different character than those that have occurred on our planet. Some living organisms, dead in our universe, to evolve and to adapt to different conditions in another universe. It is possible that in other galaxies are none of the people, because in those conditions people could simply not survive.

This idea dominates our consciousness, though, seems quite likely. Notions of parallel universes or dimensions that resemble our own world, appeared initially in the literature, primarily in science fiction. But why would a young and promising physics to risk his future career, spreading all sorts of stories expounding a theory about parallel universes?

Placing theory on the existence of multiple worlds, Everett tried to give the very exciting question related to quantum physics: Why is the amount of matter behaves irregular and disorderly? In fact, quantum science at the moment is just developing and at this stage there are more questions than answers. The study of quantum physics began in 1900, when physicist Max Planck proposed to allocate another section in physics and call it quantum physics. During one of his experiments, Planck found a strange behavior of the radiation that was completely contrary to classical laws of physics. These results showed that in the universe there are other, not yet driven us laws, so why can not exist in different universes?

Physicists studying the quantum level noticed some peculiar things about this tiny world. First, particles that exist at this level, can change different shapes. For example, scientists have observed the photons - tiny bundles of light. Even a single photon exhibits its ability to take different forms. This can be represented in the form as if You were a normal whole person suddenly and can take gaseous form.

This phenomenon became known as the Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Physicist Werner Heisenberg argued that simply observing quantum matter, we affect the behavior of this substance. So we'll never know for certain the true nature of a quantum object or its properties, such as speed and location.

This view is supported by scientists from the Copenhagen Institute of quantum mechanics. According to the definition of the Danish physicist Nils Bohr, "all quantum particles can exist in one or the other as they exist in all possible States at once. The total number of possible States of a quantum object is called its wave function. The state of the object simultaneously in all its possible States is called a superposition (overlay)".

According to Bohr, when we observe a quantum object, we affect its behavior. Surveillance violates the superposition of the object and usually causes the object to assume one of its States in the wave function. This theory explains why physicists have turned out different data of the same quantum object each time the object is "selected" different States.

Что можно сказать про климат такой страны как Беларусь? Жары в этой стране практически не бывает, благодаря наличию умеренно-континентального климата, который формируется под воздействием воздушных масс, идущих из Атлантики. Хотя в последние годы наблюдается уменьшение континентального влияния, вследствие чего незначительно повышается температура, что влияет на общий климат Беларуси.

Весеннее потепление наблюдается со второй половины марта (когда температура становится выше нуля). Хотя в последнее время это стало происходить на одну-две недели раньше.  До мая месяца температура в среднем достигает 12-14 выше нуля по Цельсию. Изредка бывают заморозки в этот период.

По английски надо было? Тогда вот:

What can be said about the climate of a country like Belarus? Heat in this country almost never happens, due to the temperate continental climate, which is formed under the influence of air masses coming from the Atlantic. Although in recent years there has been a decrease in continental influence, as a result of which the temperature slightly rises, which affects the overall climate of Belarus.

Spring warming is observed in the second half of March (when the temperature gets above zero). Although recently it began to happen one or two weeks earlier. Until May, the temperature on average reaches 12-14 above zero Celsius. Occasionally there are frosts during this period.