I. Read the text and choose the best answer (A-D) to answer the questions (1-5).
Americans often express a great love of informality when using nicknames. These are
shortened forms of their given name at birth and reflect the casual relationships which exist among
friends and co-workers. Family names are hardly ever used in daily situations and the use of one’s
father’s name is saved only for rare and formal occasions. In many traditional cultures the use of
the family name is seen as a sign of respect. For Americans, however, it’s the nickname which
creates an immediate intimacy between two people upon which to build a relationship.
This love for nicknames can create a sense of closeness between people who are otherwise
not related. Even the presidents of the United States have borne nicknames. Abraham Lincoln was
known as ``Honest Abe``, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was simply called FDR, Eisenhower was
referred to informally as Ike, President Ronald Reagan was affectionately called ``The Gripper``,
and John F. Kennedy was known as Jack or JFK.
Not every nickname, however, is a compliment and some can be downright rude and
insulting. If someone should demonstrate a certain negative characteristic, a label will soon be
attached to describe that person in a non-flattering way. Likewise a person’s dominant physical
traits may lead to nicknames that are not necessarily to one’s liking or choice.
1. Why do Americans use nicknames when addressing one another?
A. Nicknames are easier to remember.
B. Americans are formal people.
C. Nicknames help to create a casual atmosphere.
D. Nicknames are never to be used in daily life.
2. When do Americans prefer to use their family names?
A. when they are working C. while in formal situations
B. when writing a business letter D. when they are in trouble
3. Which American president was known as ``The Gripper``?
A. John F. Kennedy C. Ronald Reagan
B. Richard Nixon D. Franklin Roosevelt
4. In a traditional society, how could the use of one’s family name be described?
A. rude C. intimate
B. respectful D. informal
5. Which of the following is true?
A. All nicknames have a positive meaning.
B. All nicknames have a negative meaning.
C. Nicknames are never endearing.
D. Nicknames can have positive or negative meanings.

1.All establishments of higher medical education are financed and guided by

the Ministry of Health of Ukraine.

2.Doctors of different specialties are trained at medical institutions of higher

education, at medical universities and academies.

3. There are also pharmaceutical

stomatological academies, which train specialists for pharmacy and dental clinic.

4.Medical institutions of higher education offer various faculties and

specialties which an entrant may choose according to his or her abilities and

wishes. Nowadays a new examination system is being introduced.

5.Medical colleges train paramedical personnel: nurses, midwives, dental

technicians and doctor’s assistants.

6.The course of studies is 3-4 years.

The training at medical institutions of higher education takes 5 or 6 years.

7.Academic year begins on

September the 1 st and is divided into two semesters of four months each.

8.The curriculum includes theoretical and clinical subjects.

9.The students have practical course at therapeutic, surgical and other

departments in hospitals and clinics.

10.They are taught how to take and record the patient’s case history, to

carry on medical examination of the patient, to make diagnosis, to prescribe

treatment and carry on different medical procedures.

11.There are all facilities for talented students to carry on research work.They

attend scientific societies at different departments where they are offered modern

guidelines for research activity.

12.Having passed state examinations graduates receive their diplomas and can

apply for clinical internship.

13.The post graduate course and the Institute of Post-Diploma and Additional

Education are for doctors, who want to improve their qualification.

14.During three

years the post-graduate students prepare a thesis, defend it and obtain the degree of

Candidate of Medical Sciences.

Hi, Erica! How are you? I am having a great time at the moment because I've got a new hobby - metal detecting! I belong to a club and we go metal detecting every weekend. We use special equipment that tells us when there is metal under the ground. This Saturday we are going to the beach. People lose things all the time at the beach so I think we might find something valuable, like some coins or jewellery! Do you want to join us? We are meeting at the library at 9 am Write back and let me know.

Tom