II. Write out from the text the sentences with verbs in the form of the Participle or the Gerund or the Subjunctive mood. Measuring devices
Ammeters and Volt meters.
- Ammeters measure the current flowing in a circuit and normally have scales which are graduated or calibrated in amperes, milliamperes or microamperes.
Voltmeters are used to measure the potential difference between two points in a circuit. The calibration of voltmeters is usually in volts, millivolts or microvolts.
The main difference between the two instruments of the same type or design is in the
resistance of the operating coil, identical moving units may be used for either meter. An ammeter
is connected in the positive or negative lead in series with a circuit and, therefore, must have a
low resistance coil, otherwise the readings will be incorrect as the coil would absorb an
appreciable amount of power.
A voltmeter is connected in parallel across the points of a circuit where the difference of potential is to be measured. The resistance of the operating coil must, in this instance, be as high as possible, to limit the amount of current consumed by it, or else a drop in potential due to the meter would occur and the pointer indication would not represent the true potential difference across the circuit.
Wattmeters .- The measurement of the power in a D. С circuit at any instant can be achieved by means of an ammeter and voltmeter as the power in watts is the product of the current and the voltage. With A.C. circuits, however, the instantaneous values are always changing. To measure A.C. power correctly, therefore, it is necessary to use the third instrument to measure the phase difference. The normal practice, however, is to combine these three instruments in one which will give a direct reading of power in watts.
Jack: I (have not got) through yet. I (have been trying) to get our Paris office but the line (has been ) engaged all morning.
2 Ann (has failed) her driving test three times because she's so bad at reversing. But she (has been practising) reversing for the last week and I think she (has got) a bit better at it.
3 Tom: I have often (wondered) why Bill left the country so suddenly.
Peter: Actually, I have just (found) out.
4 He (has been playing) the bagpipes since six o'clock this morning. He has only just (stopped).
5 Why have you (not brought) me the letters for signature? Have you (not typed) them yet?
6 Tom (looking up absent-mindedly as Mary comes in): Have you been (sunbathing)?
Mary (crossly): Don't be ridiculous! It (has been raining) all day!
7 A pair of robins (have been building) a nest in the porch since last week. I (have been watching them from my window since they began.
8 The police (have not found) the murderer yet, but the dead man's brother (has been) in the station all day. The police say that he (has been helping) them with their enquiries.
9 They (have pulled) down most of the houses in this street, but they (have not touched) the old shop at the corner yet.
10 Tom is convinced that there is gold in these hills but we (have been searching) for six months and (have not seen) any sign of it.
11 I (have been waiting) for the prices of the houses to come down before buying a house, but I think I (have been waiting) too long and the prices are beginning to go up again.
12 Peter (has been) a junior clerk for three years. Lately he (has been looking) for a better post but so far he (has not found) anything.
Russian writer Catherine's era, the creator of Russian domestic comedy. Born (3) April 14, 1745 in Moscow into a noble family. He studied it in high school at the University of Moscow, and then in the University at the Faculty of Philosophy. In the comedy "Brigadier" (staged 1770) satirically depicted the mores of the nobility, his passion for everything French. In the comedy "The Oaf" (staged 1782), a landmark work of Russian literature, Fonvizin, seeing the root of all the troubles in serfdom, derided system of nobiliary education and upbringing. "Notes of the First Travel" (letters to PI Panin,. Published in the 1800s) played a significant role in the development of Russian prose.
Nikolay Karamzin
Nikolay Karamzin (1766-1826) - Russian historian, writer, honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1818). The creator of the "History of the Russian State" (Vol. 1-12, 1816-29), one of the most significant works in the Russian historiography. The founder of Russian sentimentalism ( "Letters of a Russian Traveler", "Poor Liza" and others.). Editor "Moscow Journal" (1791-92) and "The Messenger of Europe" (1802-03) .Nikolay Karamzin is an almost unique in the history of Russian culture example of a man of whom his contemporaries and descendants left any ambiguous memories. Already during his lifetime historian was perceived as the highest moral authority; This attitude remains unchanged until now.
Ivan Krylov
Russian writer, fabulist, academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1841). He published the satirical magazine "spirits Mail" (1789), and others. He wrote tragedies and comedies, opera libretto. In 1809 - 43 has created more than 200 fables, imbued with a democratic spirit, characterized by satirical sharpness, vivid and accurate language. They exposed the social and human vices. Gogol called fable Krylov "... the people of the book of wisdom." Editions of his books differed huge for that time runs. In 1812, the poet published the fable "The Wolf in the kennels," which portrayed Napoleon and Kutuzov. In "Swan, Pike and Cancer", he expressed dissatisfaction with the actions of the Russian society allies of the Emperor Alexander I. Krylov repeatedly read his fables in the court, in the circle of the Empress Maria Feodorovna. By the end of his life he wrote about two hundred fables, which were combined into nine books.
Alexander Pushkin
The great Russian poet, novelist, playwright, essayist and critic. Born on May 26 (6 June) in Moscow, the German Quarter. Brought up by French tutors from home schooling issued only excellent knowledge of French and a love for chteniyu.Aleksandr Pushkin managed to create a huge set of poems. Nowadays very popular Pushkin's poems about the love of nature, nursery rhymes. In schools, children are an analysis of Pushkin's poems, which are a mandatory part of the program in all CIS countries.
Nowadays Pushkin poem and the poet - the words are synonyms. Quick and complete biography of Alexander Pushkin published in multiple languages (Pushkin's biography in English). Tales of Pushkin (illustrations) as published in the most countries. That is why many cultural institutions are named.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol
Nikolai Gogol (1809 - 1852) - novelist, playwright, essayist and critic. Born in the village Sorochintsy Poltava province in a family of modest means landlords. Educated at the Nizhyn Gymnasium of Higher Sciences (1821-1828), where he showed his interest in literature and art and the extraordinary acting talent. Characteristic of Gogol public sentiment in this period was his behavior in "the case of the free-thinking" when he was on the side of Professor NG Belousov subjected to persecution for spreading progressive ideas.
The internal complexity of Gogol's work, the world-famous, it has led to a sharp debatable assessments criticism. Various schools in the Russian and foreign literary allowed multiple interpretations of its contradictory aspects. Numerous works of Gogol and reissues of his works, the embodiment of his images on stage and on screen, in music and painting confirm undying interest in the work of the great Russian writer in the world.