IV. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и
письменно переведите 1,2,3 и 4-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
1. concrete- бетон
2. aninnovation - инновация, новшество
3. aggregate - заполнитель
4. limestone- известняк
5. blastfurnacecement - доменный шлачный цемент
CONCRETE
1. It is difficult to imagine modern structure without concrete. Concrete is the very building
material which led to great structural innovations. The most important quality of concrete is it’s
properly to be formed into the large and strong monolithic units. The basic materials for making
concrete are cement, aggregate and water.
2. Cement is the most essential material and the most important one for making concrete of
high quality. Cement is made of limestone and clay. It is burnt (calcined) at high temperature
and ground up into powder.
3. Depending on the kind and composition of the raw materials different types of cement
are obtained. Portland cement, blast furnace cement is suitable for pulling up marine structures.
4. Concrete is made by mixing cement, water, sand, and gravel in the right amount. As soon
as it is thoroughly mixed it is poured into forms that hold it in place until it hardens. The crystals
forming in the process of making concrete stick together in a very hard artificial stone. Cement
starts hardening one hour after the water has been added and the process of hardening lasts for
about twenty-eight days. The process is called concrete curing. The characteristics of concrete
depend upon the quality of the materials used, grading of the aggregates, proportioning and
amount of water.
5. The most important requirements for concrete are: it should be hard, strong, durable, fire-
resistant and economical. Concrete can be divided into two classes: mass or plain concrete and
reinforced concrete (ferro -concrete) where it is necessary to introduce steel.
A hobby is a favourite pastime of a person. Hobbies differ like tastes. If you have chosen a hobby to your liking, lucky you are: you have made your life more interesting.
Numerous hobbies can be subdivided into four large classes: doing things, making things, collecting things, and learning things.
The most popular of all hobby groups is doing things. It includes a wide variety of activities, everything from gardening to travelling and from chess to volleyball. Gardening is one of the oldest man’s hobbies, especially in some countries (Britain, for example). A relatively new hobby which is becoming more popular is computer games.
Making things includes drawing, painting, making sculpture, designing costumes, and handicrafts. Some hobbyists write music. Two of the most famous hobby painters were President Eisenhower and Sir Winston Churchill.
Almost everyone collects something at some period in his life: stamps, coins, matchboxes, books, records, postcards,, toys, watches. Some collections have no real value. Others become so large and so valuable that they are housed in museums and galleries. Many world-famous collections started in a small way with one or two items. People with a good deal of money often collect paintings, rare books and other art objects. Often such private collections are given to museums, libraries and public galleries so that others might take pleasure in seeing them.
No matter what kind of hobby a person has, he always has the opportunity of learning from it. By reading about the things he is interested in, he is adding to what he knows. Learning things can be the most exciting aspect of a hobby.