Изложение текста:
“let there be peace”
a wise old gentleman retired and bought a small house in the new surroundings. there was a junior school nearby. he spent the first few weeks in his new home in peace reading books about legendary historic characters, works of great philosophers and even fairy tales full of wizards and witches. occasionally some people passed his house. evidently they were going to the school to enrol their children there. rarely in the morning he could see the school caretaker near the solid stone wall of the school yard.
then a new school year began. the next afternoon three young boys full of youthful, after-school enthusiasm came down his street. they were messing around beating loudly on every trash can there was. that continued day after day. the wise old gentleman didn’t like that awful noise. he understood he couldn’t force the children to stop it. it wasn’t even possible to warn them. they wouldn’t listen and would be able to make his life even worse. but something had to be done. concentrating on this complicated problem the wise gentleman thought of a plan and hoped it would work. what do you think he decided to do?
the next afternoon, he walked out to meet the three boys. stopping them he said, “you kids have a lot of fun. i like to see you express your feelings like that. when i was your age i used to do the same thing and not too rarely i assure you. will you do me a favour? i’ll give you each a dollar if you promise to come around every day and do your thing.” the kids were happy.
after a few days, the old gentleman greeted the kids again, but this time there was a sad smile on his face.
“we are living in hard times,” he said, “and i’m not made of money. from now on, i’ll only be able to pay you 50 cents to beat on the bins.” the noisemakers were very displeased, but they agreed to continue their afternoon “concerts”.
a few days later the gentleman talked to the boys again. “look,” he said, “i haven’t got my money yet, so i won’t be able to give you more than 25 cents. will that be okay? ”
“what? twenty-five cents? ” the boys exclaimed. “if you think we’re going to waste our time beating these trash cans for this money, you’re crazy. no way, mister.” with these words the boys vanished. the old gentleman felt quite relieved: he knew that he would enjoy peace and quiet for the rest of his days.
2 The British Isles lie in the north-west of Europe. They consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland,
3 The territory of the United Kingdom is about 244 square kilometres. His the 75th place among other countries in the world.
4 The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland-
5 The capital of the country is London. The 4 capitols of the United Kingdom are : England is London, Wales is Cardiff, Scotland is Edinburgh and Northern Ireland is Belfast.
6 The two Houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (the House of Lords and the House of Commons) are based at The Palace of Westminster,
in London.
7 The British Parliament is the oldest in the world. It originated in th 12th century as Witenagemot,
8 Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch – Queen Elisabeth II as a head of state.
Подоходный налог - это обычно прогрессивный налог, так как его ставка увеличивается по мере увеличения дохода. По этой причине он главным образом поддерживается теми, кто считает, что налогообложение должно касаться в большей степени богатых людей, чем бедных, даже если применяется в качестве формы социального перераспределения. Некоторые критики называют этот налог формой наказания за экономическую продуктивность. Другие критики настаивают, что подоходный налог в сущности социально деструктивный, так для его применения правительство вынуждено собирать большой объём информации о деловых и личных отношениях, большая часть которой является частной и конфиденциальной.
Мошенничество с подоходным налогом - это проблема большинства, если не всех стран, где применяется подоходный налог. Люди либо не декларируют доход, либо декларируют несуществующие расходы. Отказаться от декларирования дохода проще всего, если за работы не выплачивается заработная плата, особенно наличными. Налоговые органы борются с мошенничеством, используя различные методы, в том числе компьютерные базы данных. Они могут, например, увидеть расхождение между декларируемым доходом и долго расходами. Налоговые органы делают отметки о проведении налогового аудита физических лиц - более-менее детального изучения доходов и расходов, уменьшающих объём дохода физического лица.
Подоходный налог может удерживаться с юридических лиц (например, компаний), а также с физических лиц (индивидуалов), хотя в некоторых случаях подоходный налог взимается с юридического лица на других основания по сравнению с физическим лицом, и может называться в случаях применения к компаниям налогом с корпораций или налогом на прибыль организаций.