Краткое содержание текста (6-8 предложений) и 5 вопросов к нему Before technology was introduced, the average number of daily trades at the London Stock Exchange was 20,000, amounting to about £700m worth of shares changing hands. After the introduction of automated trading, the figure went up to a daily average of 59,000 trades. This year saw nearly £18bn of transactions in one day. The speed and volume of trading is much, much higher these days,' said Sebastian Kolksmann who works for London Investments in Frankfurt. Transaction flows are faster driven by end investors, by electronic trading, algorithms, and lower latency.' Time is money as they say,' ccmmented Bob Sherunkle, a New York Trader for London Investments. 'If our technology gets me information a nanosecond faster than everyone else, I may be able to sell a stock quickly, a split second before its price drops, or I may be able to buy another stock before its price starts to rise and it's more expensive for everyone else. That's why we need the fastest connectivity, the quickest processing, and the lowest latency out of our systems." So where do all these data transactions happen? Each exchange will have its own data centre that stores all the historic and current trading data with inputs, buy and sell requests, or market information, coming from all over the world. Trading companies are now starting to host their own server equipment at the stock exchanges' data centres, providing sub-millisecond access to the trading systems and market data, thereby eliminating network latency. For member firms that are connected to Stock Exchanges via 100 megabit IP connectivity, collocating their servers could reduce roundtrip trade execution and market data transmission times by another one and a half milliseconds. Typically transaction capacity at exchanges is around 20,000 continuous messages per second and end-to-end execution latency for a deal is from about six milliseconds to three milliseconds. Watching all this going on in dealer rooms around the world are the traders, surrounded by numerous screens showing red and green numbers and banks of phones allowing them to receive instructions from their clients to buy and sell, and effect those requests using their computers or calling another trading house. Just one exchange such as London will have more than 100,000 screens connected directly or indirectly to its data centre and trading systems. Of course, some dealers may be really putting IP networking technology to good use and have the same data on their laptop screen, while they are sitting on a beach somewhere in the world, trading virtually.
спасская башня
спасская башня - самая известная и самая большая среди всех башен кремля. в ней 10 этажей, высота ее – 67,3 метра без звезды и 71 метр с нею. спасская башня была возведена при князе иване iii итальянским архитектором пьетро солари. изначально башня называлась фроловская, так как неподалеку на мясницкой улице, куда вела дорога из кремля, находился храм фрола и лавра, не сохранившейся до наших дней. в 1521 году в память об избавлении москвы от осады войска хана махмет-гирея над фроловскими воротами со стороны красной площади появился образ спаса смоленского. образ считался неземного происхождения, и как он появился, никто точно сказать не может. этот образ поместили в киот, а перед киотом повесили фонарь. за огнем лампады следил служитель храма василия блаженного. во второй половине 17 века на воротах со стороны кремля был установлен образ спаса нерукотворного. в то время по центральным районам московского государства прошла эпидемия чумы, в которой особенно пострадала москва, но один из городов, хлынов (киров, вятка), эпидемия обошла стороной, и стали возникать слухи, что причиной этого является чудотворный образ спаса нерукотворного, которому молились горожане. узнав об этом, царь алексей михайлович повелел икону в москву. с иконы были сделаны два списка, один из которых был установлен над фроловскими воротами со стороны кремля. царь алексей михайлович особым указом 1658-го года приказал изменить название фроловских ворот на спасские, и у башни появилось новое название – спасская.
A hobby is a favourite pastime of a person. Hobbies differ like tastes. If you have chosen a hobby to your liking, lucky you are: you have made your life more interesting.
Numerous hobbies can be subdivided into four large classes: doing things, making things, collecting things, and learning things.
The most popular of all hobby groups is doing things. It includes a wide variety of activities, everything from gardening to travelling and from chess to volleyball. Gardening is one of the oldest man’s hobbies, especially in some countries (Britain, for example). A relatively new hobby which is becoming more popular is computer games.
Making things includes drawing, painting, making sculpture, designing costumes, and handicrafts. Some hobbyists write music. Two of the most famous hobby painters were President Eisenhower and Sir Winston Churchill.
Almost everyone collects something at some period in his life: stamps, coins, matchboxes, books, records, postcards,, toys, watches. Some collections have no real value. Others become so large and so valuable that they are housed in museums and galleries. Many world-famous collections started in a small way with one or two items. People with a good deal of money often collect paintings, rare books and other art objects. Often such private collections are given to museums, libraries and public galleries so that others might take pleasure in seeing them.
No matter what kind of hobby a person has, he always has the opportunity of learning from it. By reading about the things he is interested in, he is adding to what he knows. Learning things can be the most exciting aspect of a hobby.