Модель коммуникации при переводе Современная теория перевода рассматривает процесс перевода как часть процесса коммуникации, соответственно необходимо рассмотреть: • особенности процесса коммуникации; • особенности порождения и восприятия текста автором и реципиентом; • особенности текстов. Основными объектами исследования в теории перевода являются: • автор; • текст; • реципиент. LANGUAGE TESTING AND TECHNOLOGY: PAST AND FUTURE Technology is increasingly being promulgated as a powerful mechanism that can transform education. It is not surprising then, that the second language (L2) testing field adopted «language testing and technology» as the theme for its 2001 annual conference, the Language Testing Research Colloquium (LTRC). Technology is not a novel topic for language testers. The 1985 LTRC was also organized around ТЕКСТКАКОБЪЕКТПЕРЕВОДА 49 this theme. Given the recurring theme and the growing use of technology, it is appropriate to reflect on what has transpired in the L2 testing field related to this topic and to situate the developments within the larger language testing, general measurement, and educational contexts. Установите, как направлены связи между отдельными предложениями текста. Проанализируйте заключительные фрагменты того же текста и подчеркните в них элементы, поддерживающие его вертикальную структуру. Spolsky (1997) argues that the main purpose of today’s L2 standardized tests reflect the «gate keeping» needs that emerged because of the increased educational demands and limited instructional resources experienced at the beginning of the 20th century. Technological advances, however, are fast transforming L2 learning opportunities. The proliferation of distance learning programs will likely result in a decreased need for selection testing and an increased need for assessments that grant credentialing or certification. Similarly, computerdelivered tests that assess and diagnose a person’s language and skill development will be in greater demand. In conclusion, computer technology has enhanced the efficiency of many of our L2 testing practices and introduced notable innovations such as CAT. But most L2 CBT and CAT instruments available on the market fall short in providing any radical transformation of assessment practices. Advances in technology should encourage test developers to move beyond the thinking that has long dominated paperandpencil testing and inspire the use of «disruptive» БеляеваЛ. Н. ТЕОРИЯИПРАКТИКАПЕРЕВОДА 50 applications, by which assessments are conceptualized and implemented in innovatively different ways. Установите, как направлены связи между отдельными предложениями текста. Выделите, запишите и переведите те лексические еди ницы, которые поддерживают связность этого текста.
Напоминание: anaphoraanaphor Анафора – фигура речи, основанная на повторении слов, синтаксических конструкций, звуков и отдельных смыслов. Анафор – отношение между языковыми выражениями (словами или словосочетаниями), состоящее в том, что в смысл одного выражения входит отсылка к другому (пред шествующий контекст – антецедент, второй член отношения – анафор). Например: Model of communication derives from information theory… It provides us with a starting point for the explanation of the process of communication… Bloomfield knew Latin and Russian. During the WWII he wrote a Russian grammar to be used by USA armed forces. Напоминание: cataphora Катафора – , , : In a paper read November 15, 1963 I offered the following assessment: We have come face to face with the realization that we will only have adequate mechanical translations when the machine can «understand» what it is translating and this will be a very difficult task indeed. ТЕКСТ КАК ОБЪЕКТ ПЕРЕВОДА 53 Подберите в научных текстах по профилю вашей под готовки примеры анафорических и катафорических связей и запишите их для обсуждения в аудитории.
1. The USA is one of the largest countries in the world.
2. It's situated in the central part of the North American continent.
3.The USA is washes by the Pacific Ocean and by the Atlantic Ocean.
4.The population of the USA is nearly 256 million people.
5.People of different nationalities live in the USA.
6. The capital is Washington, was named in honour of the first President, George Washington.
7.The USA is a federal republic, is consist of 50 states.
8.Each of these states has it's own government.
9.The USA is a highly developed industrial country.
10.The president is the head of the state. He is to elect for four years.
Объяснение:
вроде все правильно )
ответ:task1.Natural disasters like earthquakes, tornado, tsunami and floods happen more frequently nowadays. There are many reasons why they occur, but the main one is related to human activity on Earth which often has a negative impact on our environment.
All kinds of disasters are usually very damaging. Many dwellings, roads and even whole streets and cities are ruined. The number of victims usually terrifies as hundreds or even thousands of people get injured or die in disasters. However, each disaster has a different nature.
For example, an earthquake is the result of the tectonic plates’ movement which leads to the shaking of a certain area on land. Earthquakes destroy buildings and people usually become victims because they get stuck or killed under the rubble.
Tornado is also a natural disaster which looks like an enormous column of the wind which lifts cars, bicycles, furniture and many other things. It is also called a twister and it can be very dangerous if touches the surface of the ground or water.
Flood in its turn happens when rivers burst their banks. Most extended floods damage cities and wash away whole populated places. Tsunami is another natural disaster which arises as a series of huge waves caused by underwater earthquakes.
Thus, there are many natural disasters which are dangerous for all of us. We should be careful and treat our planet better in order not to die with it.
Объяснение: