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Games can be seen as a formalized version of play. Like theatre, they have structure, rules and an absolute outcome. Theorist James Carse defines two kinds of games—finite and infinite. In a finite game, you affect a kind of metaphorical death of the opposition by defeating him within the parameters of the agreed-upon rules. In an infinite game, the object is to prolong the game. The emphasis is on play itself and not the outcome. According to Carse, performance is more akin to infinite games. Everybody wins when a performance is aesthetically satisfying and artfully executed. Although we associate games with children, we forget that adults expend an enormous amount of energy and resources on sports, which are merely games with a physical component. Worldwide, we spend between $480 and $620 billion a year on sports events. It would be difficult to even calculate how much money is spent adorning ourselves in the trappings of our favorite sports teams.
Anthropologist Claude Lйvi-Straus would describe sports as having a “disjunctive effect.” In other words, unlike ritual, which brings groups together, sports divides individuals or groups into winners and losers where there was originally some kind of equality.
A scene from Dallas Theatre Center’s 2012 production of The Elaborate Entrance of Chad
Although theatre is a kind of ritual, it still provides us with the same basic element we seek out in sports—conflict. Because theatre is about people in extraordinary circumstances, it inevitably leads to clashes between powers. Actors are taught to discover what their character wants in a scene and find ways to fight other characters that stand in their way.
Complete the story using either the active or passive voice.
This building, which is the oldest surviving example in the country,(l) (say) to be the most expensive house in Canada. Currently the house (2) (sell) by the international auctioneers, Mc Phersons. The house- (3) (report) to be haunted and many people down the centuries (4) (hear) strange footsteps and noises in the dark of night. The building (5) (build) in 1123 by Michel Davidson, and it (6) (have) a remarkable history ever since then. Many famous people are said (7) (stay) in the house on many occasions including Oliver Cromwel1. Henry Reede (8) (live) in the house for the past ten years. While the house (9) (restore) some years ago, Mr Reede conducted some research into the history of the house. 'I (10) (read)
that there are secret chambers somewhere' he said. 'We (11) (look) for them for quite some time now but (12) (not find) them. However, we do hope to find them some day.
ла'