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A. Read the text and
complete the sentences after it.
Mikhail Lomonosov
M ikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711— 1765) was
a Russian scientist and w riter who made important
contributions to literature, education and
science. Among his discoveries was the atmosphere
['aetmasfta] of Venus ['vi:nas]. H is interests
lay in chem istry, physics, optics, geography, history
and art. H is poetry helped to develop the
modern Russian language.
Lomonosov was born in the village of Denisovka
(now Lomonosovo) near Kholm ogory in the far
north of Russia. H is father, first a fisherman,
eventually bought a ship and began transporting things from Arkhangelsk
to other places. W hen M ikhail was ten, his father decided that the
boy was old enough to help him.
However, young Lomonosov was not interested in the fam ily business.
Learning was what he wanted. H is neighbour had taught him to read
and he spent as much time as he could w ith books, among which there
was a grammar book and a book of arithm etic. The knowledge he got at
home was not enough for Lomonosov and in 1730, at nineteen he left
the village and joined a caravan ['kaeravan] travelling to Moscow.
Here he entered Slavic Greek Latin Academy [a'kaedami] and lived on
bread and water for quite a long time but made rapid progress ['praugres]
as a student. He completed a twelve-year study course [ka:s] in only five
years, and graduated from the Academy w ith b rilliant results. A fantastic
student, he was given an opportunity to go to Saint Petersburg U n iversity
and later to the U niversity of Marburg in Germany.
1 Persia ['рзг^э] — Персия
The latter was among Europe’s most im portant universities in the 18th
century, Lomonosov quickly learned German and developed an interest in
German literature and philosophy. He seriously studied chem istry and
began w riting poetry. In Germ any Lomonosov got m arried. The money
he got from the Russian Academy of Sciences was not enough for his
growing fam ily and he decided to return to St Petersburg.
A t home he became a member of the Academy, and soon was made professor
[prs'fesa] of chem istry. W ishing to improve education in Russia he
and Count1 Ivan Shuvalov founded Moscow University.
Lomonosov developed a number of im portant theories and made some
b rilliant discoveries, wrote poetry some of which is remembered till nowadays.
1) Lomonosov was not interested in ... .
a) astronomy
b) biology
c) literature
2) Lomonosov’s fath er ... .
a) sold goods
b) bought goods
c) delivered2 goods
3) Young Lomonosov left home for Moscow because ... .
a) he didn’t have enough books to read
b) he wanted to see the world
c) he wanted to receive a good education
4) Lomonosov was able to get a university education because ... .
a) the Russian government paid for his studies
b) the German government paid for his university course
c) he worked very hard and paid for him self
5) St Petersburg U niversity was founded ... .
a) before Moscow U niversity
b) after Moscow U niversity
c) at the same time as Moscow U niversity
B. In the text you've read there are some words you may not know. These
words are marked. Did you understand their meanings? What helped you to
understand them: a) the way the words look and sound, b) the context in
which they are used, c) both?
1) Who needs not be made by governments, and they need
not be written down?
2) We learn how we should behave in society through the
instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our own
experiences, don't we?
3) Can we break these rules and do not suffer any penalty?
4) May other members of society criticize us, act violently toward us or refuse to
have anything to do with us?
Abai was born August 10, 1845 in Chingiz mountains, Semipalatinsk region (under the current administrative division) from one of the four wives kunanbai, senior Sultan karkarala district. Abai's family was aristocratic, and grandfather (Oskenbai) and grandfather (Irgizbaya) dominated in his family as rulers and biys. He was lucky in the sense of family coziness and home care, as both mother Ulzhan and grandmother zere were extremely charming and gifted natures. It is with the light hand of the mother the father the name of "Ibrahim" was replaced by the hypocoristic "Abai", that means "circumspect, thoughtful". Under this name he lived all his life and went down in history.
Begun in early childhood introduction to the oral folklore of the people and home the training was continued mullahs in the madrassas of Imam Ahmad Riza. Simultaneously, he studied at Russian school and by the end of the five-year study began to write poetry. With 13 years Kunanbay starts to accustom Abai to administrative activity of the head of family. He had to understand the intergeneric disputes, quarrels, intrigues, and gradually he was disappointed to administrative and political activities, which led to the fact that at the age of 28 years, Abay departs from it entirely took up self-education. But for 40 years he is aware of his vocation as a poet and citizen, in particular, putting under the poem "Summer" is his name (he had previously attributed his works to a friend Zhantasova Kokay). Considerable impetus to the erection high potency of Abay at this point was his Association with the exiled Russian, with E. P. Mikhaelis, N. Dolgopolov, S. Gross. Abay's treatment of Russian culture in the nineteenth century experienced a period of "storm and stress" in literature and art, was the more natural that in the Eastern tradition, the poetic word was highly appreciated. Abai was closed to the poetry of Pushkin, Lermontov, Goethe and Byron. He is in his transcriptions of the Kazakh subtly conveyed the spirit of the translated poems and adapted for attitude of the tribesmen.
For 20 years the blooms are extremely versatile genius of Abai, he gains extraordinary authority, huge and hitherto in the desert not seen the popularity. To it flock the akyns, singers, composers, crowding around him talented young people, creates socio-philosophical and literary schools.
But Abay as the dominant causes wild envy, the rabid animosity shown in the most artful forms. Last strokes of bad luck are connected with death of Abdrahman and magavi. He rejected treatment of an illness and has voluntary doomed itself to death. He is buried near his wintering in the valley zhidebai, near the Chingiz mountains, 60 year life.