Определите вид лексической трансформации (транскрибирование,
транслитерация, калькирование, приём добавления, приём опущения)
1. James I- Иаков Первый
2. Iowa – Айова
3. Parent directory-родительский каталог
4. Philosophies – философские школы
5. Database – база данных
6. Just and equitable treatment – справедливое отношение
7. Lake Superior – Озеро Верхнее
8. Mayflower - Мейфлауэр
9. Solid engine – двигатель на твердом топливе
10. The Fruits of the Enlightement – Плоды просвещения
11. Illinois - Иллинойс
12. Wall Street Journal - Уолл Стрит Джорнэл

While I was walking across the campus the other day, I met my old friend Bill, whom I hadn't seen since May. Naturally, we stopped to talk to each other for a few minutes. I asked him how was doing in his classes that semester. He told me that he had taken a course in English that semester. He said that he had completed the elementary course two semesters before, and by the next semester he would be ready to take the most difficult English course offered at this school. He also said that he was interested in getting his degree as soon as possible and he had already asked his adviser for permission to take the final examination. "I am glad to hear that you are making such good progress", I said to Bill. Then I asked him if he could tell me the secret of his success. He answered that the secret of his success was simple and he studied at least two hours a day to improve his English.
After that I told Bill I had a little difficulty with my course in French at the moment. I asid that I hadn't studied very hard the last semester, but I would work harder in the future.

Over 1,800 kilometers that separate the southern border of Kazakhstan from the north, followed by several landscape zones: steppe, steppe, semidesert and desert. In the west, the territory of Kazakhstan borders the Caspian Sea in the east - the taiga Altai, and in the south - with the high peaks of the Tien Shan. The lowest point - Karagiye on Mangyshlak (132 meters below sea level), the highest - Khan Tengri peak in the mountains (7000 meters above sea level). Three major rivers - Irtysh, Tobol and Ishim - carry their water in the Arctic Ocean, the other Kazakh rivers empty into inland water bodies: the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, Balkhash, or simply spread out over the steppe or desert. The western part of Kazakhstan is almost entirely flat, and the east - mostly mountainous, besides such as the high mountains of the Tien Shan and Altai, considerable space is occupied Tarbagatay Saur, Kazakh low hills, Kokshetau hill.
In Kazakhstan, grows more than six thousand plant species (of which 515 - only here), its open spaces can be found about 500 species of birds, 178 species of mammals, 49 species of reptiles, 12 species of amphibians, and in the rivers and lakes - 107 species of fish.
The diversity of invertebrates is still more alone insects live here for at least 30,000 species, and besides them - a few thousand species of mollusks, worms, spiders, crustaceans, and others. Думаю вот так...