ответить на вопросы в конце текста
No state today is completely communistic; no state is completely capitalistic.
The various national economic systems tend towards communism or capitalism, and many are difficult to classify exactly.
It has been found necessary in many countries to control or regulate national economic conditions. Even the most dedicated free enterprise systems, such as the USA, have felt this need.
The under-developed countries of the world are usually interested in control and long-term planning. Such countries as India have had a number of plans guided by the government.
India makes a distinction between the public sector of the economy on the one hand and the private sector on the other hand.
Such systems, with public and private sectors, are neither com-munistic nor capitalistic, but are sometimes called mixed economies.
Britain today has a mixed economy. In the public sector of British economic life are the nationalized industries like coal and steel, British Rail and BOAC1. In the private sector are the majority of the nation's industries, both large and small. The private sector includes giant companies like ICP and BP and a great number of small family businesses. In 1962 the British government set up an official body to plan national economic policies. This body is called the National Economic Development Council.
The members of this council are representatives of the employers, the employees and other interested people.
BOAC: British Overseas Airways Corporation ICI: Imperial Chemical Industries BP: British Petroleum
Exercises
1. Answers these questions, basing your answers on the text.
1) Are there any completely communistic states?
2) Are there any completely capitalistic states?
3) Do the various national economies tend towards one or other ideology?
4) Are the various economic systems difficult to classify?
5) Have most countries found economic control necessary?
6) Has the US felt the same need?
7) Are the under-developed countries interested in control and planning?
8) Has India had a number of national economic plans?
9) Is the Indian economy based entirely on private enterprise?
10) Does the Indian economy have two distinct sectors?
11) Is the Indian system a mixed economy?
12) Is BOAC a nationalized British industry?
13) Is ICI a nationalized British industry?
14) Was the NEDC set up by the British government?
15) Are both employers and employees represented on the NEDC?
Основная идея, которую он имел в виду вот что: если электрический ток в проводе может производить магнитный эффект, то почему бы не магнит рядом с проводом производить электрический ток? Это было действительно простой поворот 1820 открытие Эрстеда.
По счастливому выбора, он решил работать не с прямым бар Ор даже подковы магнита, но с кольцом.
Это произошло много раз: каждый раз, когда ток батареи пришли на, игла связана с противоположной, не связанных катушка отклоняется, а затем остановился; Каждый раз, когда цепь была нарушена, тот же самый эффект был замечен.
Вместо этого он получил его только тогда, когда магнитное поле в железном кольце меняется - либо включения или выключения.
Однако, как стрелка гальванометра показала, электричество, однако слабое, текла на мгновение каждый раз через левую катушку. Это было ново электроэнергии, где их раньше не было, и это было произведено, или индуцированной электромагнетизм.
My Birthday (1)
Birthday is a very wonderful day. Everybody likes to celebrate it. It is a good opportunity to spend time with friends, parents, relatives.
I was born on the 10th of January. In the morning on my birthday my parents lay the presents near my bed. So the first thing I see when I open my eyes is my presents. My Mom and Daddy and my little brother come to my room to congratulate me and to sing "Happy Birthday".
Usually we hold my birthday party in the evening. Once we went to a cafe to celebrate my birthday, but usually we celebrate it at home. We clean the house the day before birthday. In the morning of birthday party day my father goes shopping and buys everything we need.
My mother bakes a cake or pie. By the evening food is cooked, the table is laid. We put on evening suits and dresses and wait for the guests. The flat looks nice and cosy. I am always very glad to meet my guests. I like to get flowers and presents. Mom gives me the telegram from my aunt.
We have an abundant dinner on this day. Mom brings in the birthday cake. I blow the candles out. We dance and sing songs, play games and laugh, joke, tell funny stories. I think that my birthday is one of the best days in a year.