Переведите , нужно the objective of the criminal law is to protect the community. there are several different types of crimes. for example, there are offences against the person such as assault; offences against property such as theft; and offences against public order such as riot. civil cases are cases taken by individual people or businesses in order to claim or enforce a right. there are different types of civil cases. for example, there may be a breach of contract or there may be a claim for damage done through the negligence of another person (this is known as a civil wrong or tort). usually the person making the claim wants money to compensate for what has happened. however, there are other special remedies which can be given. in civil cases the main purpose is to investigate disputes between the parties and decide whether the defendant is liable to pay compensation. there is no punishment involved. civil law is generally compensatory. civil proceedings, as a private matter, can be ended by settlement between the parties at any time. actions brought to the court are usually tried without a jury. higher courts deal with more complicated civil cases. most judgments are for sums of money and the costs of the prosecution are generally paid by the party losing it. the name of the case will usually tell you if the case is criminal or civil. the letter "r" stands for rex (which means king) or regina (which means queen), showing that the case has been started by the state. the small letter "v" between the names means "versus" (against). in the civil cases the surname of the person starting the case is given first, then the surname of the person he is suing (taking the case against). if a company is involved in a case, then the company's name is used. in anglo-american law, the party bringing a criminal action (in most cases it is the state) is called the prosecution. the legal term for the person starting the civil case is the claimant (previously plaintiff). in both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant. another important difference between civil and criminal cases is what is called the burden of proof or the standard to which the case has to be proved. in criminal cases this standard is a high one, beyond reasonable doubt, since a conviction could result in the defendant going to prison for a long time (or, in some countries, executed). in civil cases the standard is lower, on the balance of probabilities. this is because the judge has to decide for one party or the other and so he considers all the evidence and gives judgment for the party which he thinks is most probably right. sometimes one action can be in breach of two types of law. this gives rise to what is known as double liability. it means that two separate court cases may take place. double liability can occur wherever there is a crime and, in the course of this crime, an individual's rights were affected. it most often hap pens where there is a road traffic offence (involving criminal law) and someone is injured as a result so that he or she wants to claim damages (under the law of torts).
