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1. Nowadays electronic devices

2. We are surrounded

3. There are

4. A personal computer

5. People are carried by

6. The modern production is unthinkable

7. It is impossible to imagine

1.airplanes, ships, trains and cars having built-in electronic circuits and instruments.

2.is being used more widely at home and in office.

3.without electronically con-trolled machine-tools.

4.with electronics everywhere in everyday life and at plants and factories.

5.scientific research without computers.

6.are in general usage.

7.electronic watches we wear, telephone, radio, and TV sets we speak, listen to and watch.

1 This helps you to find north, south, east and west. compas

2 You can use this to cut your food. knife

3 This is like a small house. You stay in it when you go camping. tent

4 If you need to see at night, you can use this. torch

5 This shows you the roads, rivers, mountains and towns in an area. map

6 When people go camping, they sleep in this. sleeping bag

7 When it’s sunny, you can use this to signal for help. mirror

8 You can use this to start a fire. lighter

9 You’ll get thirsty if you don’t take this when you travel in the desert. water bottle

10 This can help you when you climb a very tall tree or a mountain. rope

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Is there an End to the Computer Race?

Today the word «electronics» is in general usage. Millions of people have electron watches. There are a lot of various radio and TV sets, video cassette recorders and CD players in our houses. In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices, and satellites circle the globe. In other words, we are living in an electronic world.

And the center of this world is a tiny silicon plate of a few square millimetres, an integrated circuit, or a chip, as it is more commonly known. The integrated circuit is undoubtedly one of the most sophisticated inventions of man, science and technology. It is in the heart of every electronic device and the more cassette recorders, TV sets and computers we need, the more integrated circuits are required.

When we speak about a further development of computers we mean not only quantity, but also high technology and high speed. As the operation of an integrated circuit depends on microscopic «components», the purity of all materials and the cleanness at the plant they are produced at must be of the highest quality. A continuous search is going on in laboratories throughout the world for more perfect, reliable and high speed electronic circuits.

In the past it took scientists and researchers a whole lifetime to make a few thousand calculations, whereas for a modern computer this task is a matter of a few seconds. At present computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required. Supercomputers are different from ordinary computers. The ordinary computer does the computations operation by operation, while the supercomputer operates like a brain: all operations are being done simultaneously.