придумать 10 во на английском(с переводом на русский)
Main categories
One important distinction made in the countries is between private- or civil- law and public law. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state, or between one state and another. The main categories of English civil law are:
Contracts: binding agreements between people (or companies);
Torts: wrongs committed by one individual against another individual’s person, property or reputation;
Trusts: arrangements whereby a person administers property for another person’s benefit rather than his own Land Law;
Probate: arrangements for dealing with property after the owner’s death;
Family Law.
The main categories of public law are:
Crimes: wrongs which, even when committed against an individual are considered to harm the well-being of society in general;
Constitutional Law: regulation of how the law itself operates and of the relation between private citizens and government;
International Law: regulation of relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another.
In a codified system there are codes that correspond to these categories, for example, France’s Code Civil and Code Penal. Justinian’s Roman codes covered such areas of law as contracts, property, inheritance, torts, the family, unjust enrichment, the law of person, and legal remedies, but said little about criminal law. Consequently, most Continental criminal codes are entirely modern inventions.
Differences in procedure
Most countries make a rather clear distinction between civil and criminal procedures. For example, an English criminal court may force a defendant to pay a fine as punishment for his crime, and he may sometimes have to pay the legal costs of the prosecution. But the victim of the crime pursues his claim for compensation in a civil, not a criminal, action. In France, however, a victim of a crime may be awarded damages by a criminal court judge.
The standards of proof are higher in a criminal action than in a civil one since the loser risks not only financial penalties but also being sent to prison (or, in some countries, executed). In English law the prosecution must prove the guilt of a criminal “beyond reasonable doubt”; but the plaintiff in a civil action is required to prove his case’ on the balance of probabilities’. Thus, in a civil case a crime cannot be proven if the person or persons judging it doubt the guilt of the suspect and have a reason (not just a feeling or intuition) for this doubt. But in a civil case, the court will weight all the evidence and decide what is most probable.
Criminal and civil procedure are different. Although some systems, including English, allow a private citizen to bring a criminal prosecution against another citizen, criminal actions are nearly always started by he state. Civil actions, on the other hand, are usually started by individuals. Some courts, such as the English Magistrates Courts and Japanese Family Court, deal with both civil and criminal matters. Others, such as the English Crown Court, deal exclusively with one or the other.
In Anglo- American law, the party bringing a criminal action (that is, in most cases, the state) is called the prosecution, but the party bringing a civil action is the plaintiff. In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant.
Most recently, we built the first water slide. Currently under construction are two water slides. The plans to build another five slides and 3 pools for people who already know how to swim, 2 pools for those who want to learn to swim and 1 pool for children.
We also need to build changing rooms, showers, toilets, saunas. We also plan to open a coffee shop, what would people after swimming to rest after drinking the juice or coffee.
In the future we hope that this will become a popular water park that would relax with family and enjoy the time spent.
Albert Einstein was an outstanding German-born theoretical physicist and one of the fathers of modern physics. He received a Nobel Prize in Physics and was an Honorary Doctor of about 20 leading universities in the world. Einstein wrote more than 300 scientific papers and 150 books on the history and essence of science. He was born on March 14th, 1879, in Ulm, in the family of a salesman. His father and his uncle were the founders of one electrical equipment company. His mother was a housewife. When he was still a toddler, his family moved to Munchen where Albert attended a Catholic elementary school. Later, he transferred to Gymnasium, which now has his name. When he turned 14, he moved to Switzerland, where he studied at the Zurich Polytechnic School. Starting from 1909, he taught at this educational institution and became a Professor.
At the age of 34, he was already the director of the Institute of Physics and a Professor of the University of Berlin. In 1933 he was forced to leave Germany by the Nazis. He moved to the USA then and lectured there at Princeton until his death. His three important scientific works on the theory of relativity, the Brownian motion and quantum theory were published already in 1905. The next year, he created the formula about the relation between mass and energy. In 1916, he predicted the phenomenon of induced radiation of atoms. A year later he completed the general theory of relativity. His theory for the first time in science showed the link between the space-time geometry and distribution of mass in the universe. This theory was based on Newton’s gravitational law. Although Einstein’s theories seemed too revolutionary for that time, he soon received a number of confirmations.
In 1920s and 1930s the anti-Semitism was gradually gaining popularity in Germany. His theory of relativity became a subject of criticism. When the scientific work became impossible in his native country, he moved to the USA. There, he instantly received a professorship at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. Unified field theory became the subject of his scientific research for the last twenty years of his life. He tried to bring the theory of gravitation and electromagnetic field together. During the Second World War, he heard of the German uranium project and wrote an open letter to the US President Franklin warning about the possible consequences of the Nazi’s creation of atomic bomb. Shortly before his death, Einstein signed a petition addressed to the governments of all countries, warning them about the dangers of hydrogen bomb and nuclear weapons.
An outstanding and brilliant physicist died on April 18th, 1955. During his life he had a great number of honorary awards and world recognition. He had once received an offer to become the president of Israel, which he politely refused. In 1999, “The Times” magazine named him the man of the century. Einstein was married twice. He met his first wife when he was studying in Zurich. The couple had two sons. In 1919, he got a divorce and married his widowed cousin Elsa, who died in 1936. In his free time he liked playing the violin and was rather good at it. Another cherished hobby of the scientist was sailing.(Про Альберта Эйнштейна)