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metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. the study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.
the separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. the atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. that is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). metals vary greatly in their properties. for example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.
the regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. irregular crystals are called grains. the properties of the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these grains. in general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one with coarse grains.
heat treatment such as quenching, tempering, or annealing controls the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. small amounts of other metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to a pure metal. this is called alloying (легирование) and it changes the grain structure and properties of metals.
all metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, hammering and extrusion, but some require hot-working. metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep (the slow increase in length under stress) causing deformation and failure. both effects are taken into account by engineers when designing, for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical processes. metals can be worked using machine-tools such as lathe, milling machine, shaper and grinder.
the ways of working a metal depend on its properties. many metals can be melted and cast in moulds, but special conditions are required for metals that react with air.
metals
metallurgy
most metals
the regular arrangement of atoms in
irregular
the properties of the metals
metals with small grains will
the nature of the grains in the metal.
alloying
all metals can be formed
creep
metals can be worked
Complete the dialogues. Use the Future going to of the verbs in the box. wstawić słowa: swim , stay , study , not wash , visit , spend , have , do.
1.A: When is Rob going to visit Spain ?
B: In July. He's really looking forward to it.
A: He's lucky. He is going to swim in the sea all day.
2.A: Are you goint to stay at home tonight ?
B: Yeah, I am going to study for my Science test. What are you going to do ?
A: We are going to have dinner at my aunt's house.
3.A: Donald, the car's really dirty.
B: Well, I'm not going to wash it today. It's raining.
A: Is it ? What about tomorrow ?
B: But my friend from Mexico is coming tomorrow and we are going to spend all day together.
A: Let's wash it at the weekend then.
Объяснение:
Поскольку ты не предоставил текст ,то ответ примерно такой:
Объяснение:
-Hello,Saule
-Нi, *твое имя*
-Long time no see
-Yeah,i missed you.I heard you went to a picnic with your family on the weekend. How was it?
- Oh,They were quite fun. Dad made a very tasty meal.It was very sunny. Do you go to picnics with your family?
-Yes, sometimes, but I don't really like it.
-Really?Why?
-I like being home more. And besides, my sister gets too loud in nature.
-Ha-ha,It's a pity
-How was Sunday?
-On Sunday the weather turned bad as you already know. It was raining. I went to my friend's house and we watched movies and played video games. Do you play video games? If so, what are your favorites?
-No i don't really like it
- Oh, okay
-Oh, I'm sorry, it's time to go to class. Chat in the canteen? Or I'll call you?
-Yep. Sure. See you, Saule.
-Bye