In Roman times Britain lay on the periphery of the civilized world, and it emerged into the light of history only after the Saxon settlements in the 5th century AD. Tribal migrations into Britain began about the middle of the 5th century. The first arrivals were invited by a British chieftain to defend his kingdom against the Picts and Scots. The first mercenaries were from three tribes - the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes - which located on the coastlands of northwestern Germany. Eventually, these peoples would themselves topple the native kingdoms. But unity was fleeting; the subsequent Norman Conquest (1066) resulted in the subordination of England to a Frankish aristocracy, and the introduction of feudalism to the Isles. The English Normans would eventually give rise to a purely British line of kings, the Plantagenets. Three centuries later, the Wars of the Roses was the final struggle between the Yorkist and Lancastrian descendants of the Plantagenets for control of the throne. When Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, seized the crown in 1485, leaving the Yorkist Richard III dead upon the field of battle, few Englishmen would have predicted that 118 years of Tudor rule had begun. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) proved to be the most able Tudor monarch. No observer in 1558, any more than in 1485, would have predicted that despite the social discord, political floundering, and international humiliation of the past decades, the kingdom again stood on the threshold of an extraordinary age. Her reign ushered in two centuries of British exploration, colonization, artistic and intellectual advances. When Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," died childless, Parliament offered the crown to the closest blood kin, James VI of Scotland (1603-1625) and the United Kingdom was born, defended by the "wooden wall" of the Royal Navy's Men-o-War.
1. If he had been able to afford it, he would have bought her a diamond ring
2. If it rains this afternoon, we won't go out
3. If she doesn't pass the exam, she won't get the job she has applied for
4. If she posted the letter now, they would recieve it by Tuesday
5. If I had known about the dinner, I would have come earlier
6. My boss will be angry if John comes to work late again
7. If my girlfriend left me, I would feel miserable
8. I wouldn't say that if I were you
9. If I had lost my way, I would have gone to the nearest police station
10. If I saw a spider in my bathroom, I would cry out loud
11. I would marry someone famous if I were a movie star
12. We will be late if we don't hurry
1. If the weather were fine, they … out of town.
B would go
2. If Tom had enough money, he … to the USA long ago.
D would go
3. If I … their language, I could understand what they were saying.
D knew
4. We … win the cup if we keep playing this well.
A will
5. If you touch a socket with wet hands, you … an electric shock.
A will get
6. If I … noticed Nick, I would have stopped him.
B had
7. "Listen to me, Mary! The officer says I cannot go abroad now! I wish I ... the parking fine! I'm so sorry!"
C had paid
8. If I … you, I would apologize to her.
C were
9. If you live in Australia, January ... in the middle of summer.
C will be
10. If Jane … this medicine yesterday, she would feel better now.
B took
11. When we ... to the cinema, we ... popcorn.
D go; eat
12. I need to get to the supermarket very quickly. I wish I ... a car!
B could drive
In Roman times Britain lay on the periphery of the civilized world, and it emerged into the light of history only after the Saxon settlements in the 5th century AD. Tribal migrations into Britain began about the middle of the 5th century. The first arrivals were invited by a British chieftain to defend his kingdom against the Picts and Scots. The first mercenaries were from three tribes - the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes - which located on the coastlands of northwestern Germany. Eventually, these peoples would themselves topple the native kingdoms. But unity was fleeting; the subsequent Norman Conquest (1066) resulted in the subordination of England to a Frankish aristocracy, and the introduction of feudalism to the Isles. The English Normans would eventually give rise to a purely British line of kings, the Plantagenets. Three centuries later, the Wars of the Roses was the final struggle between the Yorkist and Lancastrian descendants of the Plantagenets for control of the throne. When Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, seized the crown in 1485, leaving the Yorkist Richard III dead upon the field of battle, few Englishmen would have predicted that 118 years of Tudor rule had begun. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) proved to be the most able Tudor monarch. No observer in 1558, any more than in 1485, would have predicted that despite the social discord, political floundering, and international humiliation of the past decades, the kingdom again stood on the threshold of an extraordinary age. Her reign ushered in two centuries of British exploration, colonization, artistic and intellectual advances. When Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," died childless, Parliament offered the crown to the closest blood kin, James VI of Scotland (1603-1625) and the United Kingdom was born, defended by the "wooden wall" of the Royal Navy's Men-o-War.