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Indian art includes painting, sculpture and architecture of India. Indian art dates back to the Indus Valley civilization around 3000 BC.
Buddhist art includes sculptures and frescoes created during the Gandhara and Gupta kingdoms. The first known images of the Buddha were created in a monumental soft and round style, which was exported along with the Buddhist religion to China, Korea and Japan.
Hindu art was influenced by Buddhist art. But, unlike Buddhist art, Hindu art depicts a human figure curved and filled with potential movement. Ancient Indian beliefs regarded the body as an aesthetic form second only to the deities. Hindu art reflects the life rhythms of the main themes of this religion. Hindu artwork is usually a copper statue of Krsna, Vishnu, Shiva and other symbols of initiation. Hindu art creates brilliant sculptural schemes in rock-hewn caves in Mamallapuram, known for its ensemble of religious art (Buddhist, Hindu and Japanese) dating back to the 6th and 7th centuries.
Mughal art dates back to the Muslim invasion of northwestern India in the Middle Ages. The invaders destroyed Buddhist and Hindu temple art and introduced their own styles, particularly Islamic art. The Qur'an forbids the depiction of people and animals in art, so Islamic art was aimed at calligraphy and ornament. Ceramic tiles adorned mosques and palaces.
Court artists succeeded in miniature painting.
The Shiraz school is characterized by bright colors, a love of magnificent landscapes, the frequent inclusion of freely drawn motifs of birds and flowers in the fields, as well as faces and figures with rounded contours, thin lines, narrow eyes and quite characteristic profile views. A new vertical perspective system is evident, in which figures are displayed on top of each other, and objects such as ponds and carpets are displayed flat on the page.
With the arrival of Prince Hume, the symbolic decorative basis of Persian painting became quite apparent here. Flowers bathe in the glow of daylight while the stars shine in the sky, combining realism with symbolism. The artist is not limited by the practicality of naturalism, but his approach remains quite clear.
The art of pottery advanced considerably in the ninth century with the development of the technique of painting by sight. Painting is an impressive means of decorating pottery, possibly imitation precious metal, which was first developed in Iraq and then spread to Egypt, Syria, Iran and Spain. The production of sequined ceramics was complex, expensive, and laborious, indicating that such items were considered luxuries. This method combines oxides of silver and copper with sulfur and other materials, which are applied in liquefied form to the surface of the previously glazed and fired object. The cookware is then re-fired in a muffled air oven, or a reduction oven, so that oxygen is drawn from the metal oxides, creating a dazzling metal surface. The color of the chandelier can vary from deep gold to dark reddish brown.
From the Bronze Age to the Cultural Revolution, Chinese art demonstrated a stylistic unity unparalleled in any other culture. From about the first century AD, Buddhism inspired many sculptures and paintings in China. Chinese art of the Bronze Age is characterized by the presence of rich burial utensils with bronze and jade carvings, decorated with hieroglyphs and simple stylized forms of animals. Life-size terracotta figurines from the Qin period guard Emperor Shi Huang's tomb in the old capital, Xi'an.
When Buddhism established itself in China, it inspired monumental art with huge rounded stone carvings and bronze images.
The art of the Tang Dynasty features naturalistic portraits, such as carved figures of Buddhist monks.
The Golden Age of Chinese painting was the Song Dynasty (960 - 1278). The imperial court created its own workshop, contributing to the development of fine art of calligraphy, mainly devoted to natural subjects - landscapes, mountains, trees, flowers, birds. Genre scenes of court beauties were also popular. Scrolls, albums and fans made of silk or paper were painted in watercolor and ink with soft brushes. Painting was associated with literature, and artists added poems or quotations to their work. The Song Dynasty also produced the first real porcelain of classical simplicity.
Painters of the Ming dynasty (1368 - 1644) continued the landscape tradition. Song's porcelain style gave way to the complex work of rich colors.
Painters of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) developed their own styles of writing. In the 20th century, the strong spirit that supported traditional art began to fade.
Some students admitted to spending upward of eight hours a day online, with the majority averaging around two to four hours. Some said their devices were a reasonable escape from the pressures of teenage life, while others explained they were essential for school. And still others raised an insightful question: Why is their “phone addiction” perceived as more harmful than that of the adults in their lives?
As you’ll see below, one thing was crystal clear in their reflections: These teenagers spend a lot of time thinking about their phone usage. And they have a critical lens not only on how much they use their phones, but also on how it affects their education, emotional life and relationships.
Read on for a fuller scope of the comments, but before you do, we want to offer a warm welcome to new classes from Ames High School, Iowa; Carney; Florida; Fort Mill High School; Georgia; Hightstown High School, N.J.; Nelson County High School; New Berlin, Wis.; New York; and Pennsylvania.
Please note: Student comments have been lightly edited for length, but otherwise appear exactly as they were originally submitted.