Task 1 Read the text carefully. Choose the correct answer. Navajo National Monument in Tsege Canyon in Arizona is a place worth visiting. The Canyon was originally formed long ago by a river which used to flow (1) through/over the area. The ancient ancestors of the modern Native American people built villages high above the Canyon floor in “pockets” of empty space which occurred naturally in the Canyon walls. To reach the villages, people had to climb (2) up/into the sides of the Canyon walls. To protect people from the hot summer sun or the freezing winter winds, the houses didn’t have doors-windows were used to enter (3) into/- houses. Some important buildings, where religious ceremonies took place, were built (4) under/into the ground. People went (5) down/into them by climbing (6) across/down wooden ladders. Today, you can go on a tour of the Canyon led by a trained Park Ranger and visit the ruins of the villages. You can walk or ride a horse across the Canyon through special paths.
Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS[2] (/ˈdɑːrwɪn/;[5] 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist,[6] best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.[I] His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science.[7] In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.[8] Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history,[9] and he was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey.[10]
Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species.[11][12] By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations which gave only a minor role to natural selection, and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution.[13][14] Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.[15][16]
Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge (Christ's College) encouraged his passion for natural science.[17] His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's conception of gradual geological change, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author.[18]
Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations, and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection.[19] Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority.[20] He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories.[21] Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature.[13] In 1871 he examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, followed by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Actions of Worms (1881), he examined earthworms and their effect on soil.[22][23]
2. I didn't use to fail at exams at school
3. I used to play hide and seek when I was a child
4. My father used to smoke when he was a student
5. My mother used to wear short skirts when she was a schoolgirl
6. My school friends used to find faults with me
7. I used to ride a bicycle when I was a child
8. I didn't use to complain of anything to teachers at school
9. My teachers didn't use to talk in riddles
10. I used to read a lot when I was a child?