Task 3 (Fill in the gaps with the right words) Four Generations of Warfare
The age of modern warfare, at least in Europe, began around the middle of the 17th 1). Up until this period, wars were waged by families, tribes, religious groups, cities and even businesses. The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 brought about the end of this period and from this time, the state had complete control on war and the way war was 2). Many analysts have called the period from 1648 to 1850 the first generation of modern warfare or 1GW. This first generation was characterised by massed manpower on the battlefield: cavalry charges, bayonet charges, massed fires and line and column tactics where troops stood shoulder-to-shoulder in densely packed 3). In turn, this highly ordered battlefield led to a military culture of order characterised by drill and ceremonial, uniforms, saluting and rigid rank structures. Second generation warfare was largely brought about by developments in firepower, communications and transport. New technologies, like barbed wire and the 4), greatly 5) the destructive power on the battlefield. Thus, the aim in war became attrition — to wear down the 6) to the point of collapse. 2GW was warfare fought by generals. Originally 7) by the Germans in response to the Allies' material superiority in WW 1, Third Generation Warfare emphasised speed and surprise. 3GW is commonly known as blitzkrieg or manoeuvre warfare. Manoeuvre warfare 8) using a part of one's force to find and then fix the enemy, while the rest of the force attacks his weakest point. Now, 3GW involves a combination of deep, dose and rear operations fought on land, in the air, at 9), in space. Information technology and the possibility of real-time 10) and total visibility of the battlefield have added another aspect to 3GW - the information battle. 3GW has led to a military culture that emphasises initiative and rapid, decentralised decision-making by junior commanders.
Hello, (friend's name)! In my last letter, I wrote to you about how I spent my summer. Summer is over, school days have begun. My first day at school was spent at home, since no one goes to school now, everyone studies remotely. All lessons were held in the app for learning. We were given tasks and we did them. There weren't many lessons, because we were just starting to learn. In all the lessons, we repeated the topics from last year. That's how my first day of school went. I'm sorry, but I have to stop writing because school has started and I have to get ready for class. It was your pen friend. Bye!
(your name)
If you go to school or university, you are faced with a number of exams. Basically, these exams are supposed to test your knowledge and skills. Also, they may motivate you to study harder.
In my opinion, it is really the case that exams motivate students to study harder. Firstly, exams are often a pass to a higher level of education. If you get good marks in examinations, you are admitted to further education. If you fail, you do not get the admittion. So, you make every effort to keep the right to study further. Secondly, exams are a good way to assess your learning efficiency and detect possible gaps in your knowledge. Bad marks mean that your knowledge is flawed and you need to be more disciplined and work harder to do away with the flaws.
But there are people who believe that examinations do not give real motivation to a student. They say that being a good student with excellent marks does not guarantee future prosperity.
Nevertheless, I cannot assent to the foregoing opinion, because being a good student is the beginning of being a good employee or worker who can earn a good living. Highly qualified professionals are always in great demand in any business sector.
In conclusion, exams play an important part in our life, although any exam is a kind of pain. But the saying is: no pain, no gain!