The Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex was included in the World Heritage List in 2014. The site lies on the shores of the Volga River to the south of Kazan. It contains evidence of the medieval city of Bolgar, an early settlement of the civilization of the Volga-Bolgars, which existed between the 7th and 15th centuries AD, and was the first capital of the Golden Horde in the 13th century. Bolgar represents historical cultural exchanges and transformations of Eurasia over several centuries. The property provides remarkable evidence of historic continuity and cultural diversity. It is a symbolic reminder of the acceptance of Islam by the Volga-Bolgars in AD 922 and remains a sacred pilgrimage destination for the Tatar Muslims.
Brief description:
In the new year, Trinity will be celebrated on the twenty-third of May. In Ukraine, Trinity is a day off. Trinity is a holiday of the rebirth of life. People on Trinity decorate their homes with green tree branches, which means the rebirth of all living things. On the feast of Trinity, it is customary to go to church. They meet Trinity at the dinner table, the most important treat is a loaf. It is customary to have fun on Trinity, any serious work, even around the house, is prohibited. Christmas in Ukraine. Christmas is celebrated on the night of January 6-7. Forty days before Christmas begins the third fast. Traditionally, at midnight from January 6th to January 7th, you need to open the windows and doors so that Christmas can enter the house. Christmas comes when the first star lights up in the sky. On this day, children and young people go home and tell carols. It is customary to celebrate Christmas with your family in warmth and comfort. At Christmas they go to church.
Older students have to start thinking
about what they want to do after they
leave school. Everyone hopes to do well in
their exams whatever they are planning for
the future. Making decisions and studying
hard at the same time can be stressful.
▴ Other students have
a strong ambition to
work in a particular
field such as nursing.
They have to complete
a period of study then
they go and work in a
hospital where they
learn more practical
skills and apply their
learning.
Are you interested in further studies after you leave school?
Would you prefer to study while working or to have several years of studying only?
Does the idea of studying away from home interest you? Why? / Why not?
What do you think would be the advantages and disadvantages of living at home while you
study at a university?
Reading
• You are going to read an extract from a diary.
From whose point of view is a diary written?
Vocabulary
• These words are in the story extract: doctorate, daughter-in-law, fiancée, tongue-tied,
paddling pool, neuroscientist, astrophysicist, summerhouse, awning.
Circle any you cannot remember or guess. Look them up.
• Find out what these phrases mean: to get engaged, Harvard graduate, it goes
without saying.
Grammar
• You will learn about passive reporting verbs and how they are used.
The men who were on the Mary Celeste are believed to have met a nasty end. Does
anyone know what happened?
Language practice
• Punctuation: brackets and dashes (revision) Which of these is normally used for formal
writing and which for informal?
• Language use: You will learn common expressions with unusual tenses.
It’s time you did your homework. What work should you do this evening? List everything.
◂ Students with practical skills might choose to work in
a trade. Some companies take on apprentices who study
in college one day a week and learn the job by working
in the business for the rest of the week. Plumbers,
electricians and hairdressers are often trained like this.
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Grammar in use
• You will hear a conversation about going for an interview.
Think of three things you should do before your interview.
• You will learn about echo tags and using them in conversation.
Change these phrases into negative questions: we can, he does, there is, you are.
Change these phrases into affirmative questions: you won’t, we haven’t, it isn’t.
Listening and speaking
• You will practise language for speculation. Find out what speculation means.
• You will listen to a conversation about arrangements in the absence of one of the
festival committee members. Who do you think is most likely to be absent and why?
Conversation focus 2.09
Liam is looking at university websites in the library when Kurt arrives.
1 Listen to their conversation about the choices they are thinking about.
2 Read the questions on Workbook page 80. Listen again and answer the questions.
3 Talk in a group about different options for studying and training in the future.
Use the photos and information on this page to help you, as well as any of your
own ideas.
Ask: Do you want to …? What do you think about …? Would you prefer to …?
Say: I’m planning to … I’d like to … because ... I wouldn’t like to … because ...
Writing
• You are going to write diary extracts, before and after an important event.
Think of two important events in your life that you can remember well enough to know
how you felt before and after each one.
▴ Many students choose
to continue their studies
at a university. They have
to decide which university
and which course. There
are hundreds of courses
to choose from.
▴ If there is a university
nearby, students can live
at home while they study.
It costs less and students
know their surroundings.
They have all the
convenience and facilities
of home.
Объяснение: