The term “police” is associated
with departments of a state that are
authorized to exercise the police power
of that state within a legal or territorial
area of responsibility. The word comes
via French from the Latin politia (“civil
administration”), which itself derives
from the Ancient Greek polis (“city”).
The first police force comparable to the
present-day police was established in 1667 under King Louis XIV
in France, although modern police usually trace their origins to
12
the 1800 establishment of the Police in London and the Napoleonic
police of Paris, then the largest and the most dangerous city of
Europe. The royal edict1, registered by the Parliament of Paris on
March 15, 1667 created the office of “lieutenant general of police”,
who was the head of the new Paris police force. Police was given
the task to “ensure the peace and quiet of the public and private
individuals, clean the city of what may cause disturbances, and
have everyone live according to their duties”.
The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by
the 44 commissaires de police2, each in a particular district. The
scheme of the Paris police force was copied by the rest of France,
resulting in the creation of police in all large French towns.
The origin of the British police lies in early tribal history
and is based on customs for securing order through appointed
representatives (the people were the police). The Saxons brought this
system to England and improved and developed the organization.
This organized the division of the people into groups of ten, called
“tythings3“, with a tything-man4 as representative of each; and into
larger groups, each of ten tythings, under a “hundred-man” who
was responsible to the Sheriff of the County5.
The tything-man system, after contact with the Normans,
changed considerably but was not wholly destroyed. In time the
tything-man became the constable and the Sheriff — the Justice of
the Peace, to whom the parish6 constable was responsible. According
to this system, which became widely established in the 17th and 18th
centuries, there was one unarmed citizen in each parish who was
elected annually to serve for a year as parish constable. He worked
in co-operation with the local Justices to keep laws and maintain
order. In the towns, responsibility for keeping the order was given
to groups of paid citizens, who were known as “The Watch” for
guarding the gates and patrolling the streets at night.
In the 18th century came the big social and economic changes
and the movement of the population to the towns. The parish
constable and “Watch” systems failed and the law-enforcement
1 edict — эдикт, указ
2 commissaires de police (фр.) — полицейские комиссары
3 tything — десятина
4 tything-man — десятник
5 country — графство
6 parish — округ (единица административного деления; в других государствах аналогична графствам).
system was under a serious menace1. This led to the formation of
the “New Police”.
Nowadays policing is the activity of enforcing2 the criminal
law and it takes place in any society which has such a law. But in
most societies people doing the policing also have other functions:
traffic regulation, public and social order, safety of citizens. With
the exception of the Roman Empire, the existence of ‘the police’, a
separate force to enforce the criminal law, is a product of modern
urban society. The establishment of a metropolitan police force in
London 1829 is usually seen as the most important event. Police
forces covered all of the United Kingdom by 1860 and many other
states in Europe did the same.
Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What does the word “police” mean?
2. What is the primary object of the police?
3. What is the origin of the “Old Bill” nickname?
4. What does “The Watch” refer to?
5. What were the duties of the Watch?
6. When was the Metropolitan Police established?
7. What is the meaning of the word “a hundred-man”?
8. Give definition of police and policing.
9. What is the origin of the nickname “Bobby” applied to the Metropolitan
Police?
10. Why can Bobbies be found in most parts of the world?
11. What are police functions?

1.Yes, I get along with them(Да я лажу с ними) или No , I can't (нет , не могу)

2. sure (конечно) или no i am neat (нет , я аккуратен)

3. Yes, I had pets (Да , у меня были животные) или no, I didn't have them (нет , у меня их не было)

4. often (часто) или seldom (редко) или never looked ( никогда не смотрел )

5. Yes, I'm looking after ( да , ухаживаю ) или no, I don’t take care of them ( нет , я не забочусь о них ) или No, I have no pets ( нет , у меня нет питомцев )

6. Yes, I have allergies to some animals (да , у меня есть аллергия на некоторых животных) или no, i have no animal allergy ( нет , у меня нет аллергии на животных )

7 Yes, I liked the lesson (да , мне понравился урок) или no, the lesson was boring ( нет , урок оказался скучным )

Объяснение:

Это перевод.

1.Вы ладите с животными?

2. Вас когда-нибудь кусало животное?

3. Были ли у вас домашние животные?

4. Как часто вы смотрите передачи о животных?

5. Вы сейчас ухаживаете за животным?

6. Есть ли у вас аллергия на какое-либо животное?

7.Вам понравился этот урок о животных?

TEACHER - mentor, teacher; professor; educator. (DAL) Teacher - a person engaged in the teaching of n. subject in the lower and middle school, teacher, school employee. (Ushakov) Teacher - a person employed teaching children in high school. Teacher - an employee of the university, college, rarely used in reference to an employee of the school. Teacher - not only the teacher or teacher, but also an educator. (Synonym dictionary) TEACHER. Oznachennoye word is sometimes used instead of a Jewish Rabbi, or Chaldean. In this and other similar cases, it is the spiritual leader. It is used so often in the sense of an ordinary teacher. (Bible Encyclopedia) So, from the above it follows that the concept of teacher widespread and versatile. In my view, the perfect teacher - a true Russian intellectual (in the best sense of the word), a smart, slim, well-educated, broad-minded, bright personality and creative, open-minded person with a great sense of humor. This is - this humanist basis of ideology which are universal values. This one-piece deep personality, a man crystal honest and extremely honest, sincere and principled, having an active life and citizenship. In my opinion the human qualities are paramount for teachers, as they determine human behavior in society, his attitude to the world and to the profession. Accordingly, honest, decent and creative person with active citizenship is and knowledgeable teacher, and a great Methodist, and beautiful psychologist, principled and fair. I believe that the ideal teacher should certainly have any creative hobbies (painting, literature, sports, music, programming, etc.), To engage in socially useful or scientific activities. Only genuinely enthusiastic person can inspire another. For example, VA Zhukovsky, known and recognized poet, at the same time was a teacher in the royal family, the great Russian writer Leo Thick as a teacher in a rural school, and MV Lomonosov combined scientific and creative work in various fields of science and teaching. That is why the teacher's activity is not related to its direct work, supports and develops its intellectual potential, provides further creative growth and broaden their horizons. At preschool age I was lucky enough to meet the unique teacher, children's writer and a wonderful man Tatiana Rick. Acquaintance began with the first books I read on their own "Hello, Uncle verb" from "Funny textbooks." The book was so exciting that I wanted to continue the acquaintance with the other parts of speech, but in the free sale of books was not there. Then my grandmother wrote a letter to the author, and, surprisingly, Tatiana called and invited to come to visit for books. So took our personal acquaintance with this amazing, young and very pretty woman. Tatiana - a simple man of destiny, is a serious disease, but, thanks to the active position in life, traveling the world, meeting with readers, is a teacher of Russian language in schools for the disabled (remote-remote education), writes books, makes them illustrations, educates young son. Rick T. wonderful books written entertaining, fun and easy, magically helped me learn quickly and independently read, write competently, awakened love for the Russian language and literature. It is difficult not to agree with the words of AS Makarenko: "Brings all: people, things, events, but first and longest - people. Of these, the first place - parents and teachers." School years - the most important period in the life of every human being. This time, not only gaining knowledge and skills, but also an important stage in the formation and development of the individual, the disclosure of its creative potential, self-awareness, in collaboration with the community. Personality of the teacher in matters of education plays a crucial role. Ideal teacher - a friend, a senior fellow, genuinely interested in the fate of wards: knows not only the features of the nature and problems of the student, but also aware of his life circumstances, has close contact with parents. In my opinion, the main task of the teacher - not just pass a certain amount of knowledge of the student, and to learn to think, that is, to search for answers to questions, make unconventional decisions, find compromises. The way to achieve this goal the ideal teacher is able to turn into a fascinating journey through the country of knowledge, to show the connection between the spiritual and the material, ancient and ultra-modern, real and imaginary. Recently, the state pays great attention to the modernization of the school, which is certainly fine. However, no technical equipment the school will never be able to replace important in the learning process - the teacher-mentors. The more ideal teachers, more perfect, more educated, intelligent and humane our society will become. Remarkably said LN Tolstoy: "And education, and education are inseparable. We can not educate without transferring knowledge, the knowledge of all valid educational."