V. Read the text about the state employees.
1. Which paragraph (1-4) do these statements belong to?
a) It is better for state employees that State raises more money from business taxes.
b) To have and to produce citizen has to work.
c) State employees’ interest is to pay as little tax as possible.
d) State employees work in different professional spheres.
State Employees in Britain
1. State employees are employed by the state. They include national and local government administration, almost all school teachers and university teachers, doctors and medical staff, many research workers, the police, and all the service personnel (cleaners, caterers, technicians, etc) required to make the state organizations function properly. Many other groups of workers are also included. (The author is not distinguishing here between those employed directly or indirectly by central government and those employed by local government. The point is that they are paid out of public money.)
2. Ultimately, their wages come from taxation, both of individuals and businesses, and from taxation on goods and services. So it is in the interests of these employees that the State should raise plenty of money - but preferably from business taxes rather than personal taxes. Also, it would be better if other parts of the State economy were less well-paid, so that they could be better paid. However, from the point of view of employers and employees in private industry, the less taxation the better, because then they will have more money for bigger wages and bigger investments.
3. But employees are not only employees, whether they are employed in the private or the state sector of the economy. They are also taxpayers, whose interest, naturally, is to pay as little tax as possible. And they are also consumers of State services, like health and education, where they want the best service possible-one which is well funded from public money.
4. All these conflicts of interest mean that no part of the economy and no services provided by the society for its members can operate independently. Businesses are not ‘free’, market is not ‘free’, and the State is not ‘free’, though private industry and the state can operate with some freedom. In the middle stands the citizen, who, like any human being anywhere, wants food, housing, warmth, education, medical care, and then opportunities to move about, to enjoy himself, to make his home comfortable, and to make the future secure for his children. In order to do this he has to work, in order – both to produce and to acquire money so that he can buy.
2. Read the text again and decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F).
a) The police are not employed by the state.
b) The state employees are not paid out of public money.
c) The wages of state employees come from charity.
d) The employers and employees in private industry want less taxation.
e) The employees are also consumers of State services.
f) Being taxpayers employees want to pay more taxes in order to have better services.
2. Unfortunately they hadn't told anybody about their camping route and the emergency workes didnt workers didnt know were to search for them.
3. For some reason the radio hadn't broadcast anything about the coming forest fire by the next mornnig.
4. They worried as the helicopter hadn't arrived yet and some people needed medical care urgently.
5. I felt uneasy because I hadn't left a note for mum- she would worry a lot.
2. Ukrainian higher schools carry out a great deal of scientific work in all branches of knowledge.
3. Higher educational establishments of our country fall into three main types.
4. The first type includes the universities and institutes where there are only full-time students who receive state grants.
5. Evening schools are for those who study in their spare time.
6. The diplomas by the evening faculties and extra-mural higher schools have the same value as the diplomas of all other institutes or universities.