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24.09.2021 12:43 •  Английский язык

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By its nature, the presidency is dual in character. The president serves as the nation's chief administrator and the symbolic of the nation. Over the centuries of constitutional struggle, England had separated the Crown and the Parliament, vesting the prime minister with the ___ of running the government and leaving the ceremonial responsibilities to the sovereign. It is generally accepted that the of the President of the United States might never have been created, had Washington not been available. No sooner had Washington been inaugurated than an extraconstitutional of the presidency became apparent. The American people admired Washington, and he managed to strike a balance between “too free an intercourse and too much familiarity,” which would downplay the of the office, and “an ostentatious show” of , which would be improper in a republic.
George Washington's government was crucial for the it set. For instance, he stepped down after two terms, starting maintained until 1940. During his first term he made the presidency a full-fledged branch of government instead of a mere office. As commander in chief during the American Revolutionary War, he had been accustomed to surrounding himself with loyal aides and soliciting their . For some time, the Constitution granted him the only to require the opinion of the department heads in writing without resorting to assembling them. However, when the Supreme Court failed to provide an advisory opinion on the ___ of a neutrality proclamation in response to the French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars—on the that the court could decide only cases and not controversies—he turned to establishing the format of meetings, which remained the principal instrument for conducting executive business until the late 20th century.
arising from the French revolutionary wars called for Washington's attention, as well as that of his three successors. Americans were divided over the wars, some supporting Britain and its allies and others France. Political factions had already arisen over the financial policies of Alexander Hamilton, and from 1793 onward stemming from the French Revolution hardened these factions into a system of political parties, which the of the Constitution had not contemplated.

The ___ of the party system also created unforeseen problems with the method for electing the president. In 1796 John Adams, the candidate of the Federalist Party, won the presidency and Thomas Jefferson, the candidate of the Democratic-Republican Party, won the vice presidency; however, Jefferson was set to undermine the administration, rather than collaborating with Adams. Four years later, to forestall the of yet another divided executive, the two leading parties of the early republic, each nominated presidential and vice presidential candidates. Because of the fact that electors could not indicate a presidential or vice presidential preference between the two candidates for whom they voted, the Democratic-Republican candidates, Jefferson and Aaron Burr, received an equal number of votes. The election was passed on to the House of Representatives, and a constitutional nearly ensued as the House became deadlocked. On February 17, 1801, Jefferson was finally chosen president by the House, and with the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment, beginning in 1804, electors were required to cast separate ballots for president and vice president.