Выполните все 3 упр.
Industrialised Building methods.
Industrialised Building means a high degree of prefabrication applied to domestic
or other construction so as to reduce site work to a minimum. This involves carefull planning and
a maximum of standardization.
The quantity of factory work on the building components is highly increased so as
to reduce the cost and improve the quality and speed of construction.
Large- panel construction is one of industrialised building methods which was
first applied in the USSR. It consists of using reinforced concrete panels one or two storeys
high, sometimes made of light- weight insulating concrete.
For large- panel timber walls which have been prefabricated for many years both
in Europe and America, the term is not used.
Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.
1. What is meant by “industrialised building “?
2. What does this method involve?
3.How can the cost of construction be reduced?
4. Where was large- panel construction applied first?
5. What does the method of large- panel construction consist of?
Exercise 2. Read and translate the following word combinations into Russian.
industrialised building methods; high degree of prefabrication; maximum of standardization; to
reduce site work; one or two storeys high; large- panel construction.
Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences.
1. A maximum of standardization is needed to reduce site work to a minimum. 2. The up-to-date
machinery is used on construction sites. 3. Large- panel construction was first applied in the
USSR. 4. A high degree of prefabrication is important for housing construction. 5.
Prefabricated rooms and flats can be assembled into houses.
2. Diana suggested to meet at the train station at 7:00.
3. Sue said they were going away on holiday the following week.
4. Tom said Anthony had been late that morning.
5. Lucy said her brother was in hospital.
6. Paul said he hadn't heard from Michael for quite some time.
7. Charlie said they had won the final match.
8. John said he'd like to go to summer camp.
9. Patty said they were getting married in the spring.
10. Mary said we could visit them whenever we liked.
Russia has several (soil and vegetation) zones, each with its characteristic flora and fauna. Northernmost is the so-called arctic desert zone, which includes most of the islands of the Arctic Ocean. These areas are characterized by the almost complete absence of plant cover; only mosses and lichens are to be found. Birds and mammals associated with the sea (sea calf, seal, and walrus) are typical of this zone.
The tundra extends along the extreme northern part of Asia. Only dwarf birches, willows, lichens, and mosses grow in this soils. The fauna includes the arctic fox, reindeer, white hare, and lemming.
South of the tundra is the vast forest zone, or taiga, covering half of the country. There grow birches and spruce. Farther south are spruce, pine, fir, cedar, and some deciduous trees. Wildlife in the taiga includes moose, the Russian bear, reindeer, lynx, sable, squirrel, owl, and woodpecker and some other birds. In the broadleaf woods are European wild boar, deer, roe deer, red deer, mink, and marten.
Farther south is the forest-steppe zone and then the steppes with various grasses small tracts of oak, birch, and aspen. Typical mammals are various rodents (hamsters and jerboas); birds include skylarks, cranes, eagles, and the great bustard.
In the semi-desert zone, typical animals are the wildcat and saiga antelope; lizards, snakes, and tortoises.
Россия имеет несколько (почвенно-растительных) зон, каждая со своей характерной флорой и фауной. Самой северной является так называемая арктическая пустынная зона, включающая в себя большую часть островов Северного Ледовитого океана. Для этих районов характерно практически полное отсутствие растительного покрова, встречаются только мхи и лишайники. Для этой зоны характерны птицы и млекопитающие, связанные с морем (морской теленок, тюлень, морж).
Тундра простирается вдоль крайней северной части Азии. На этой почве растут только карликовые березы, ивы, лишайники и мхи. Животный мир включает песца, северного оленя, белого зайца и лемминга.
К югу от тундры находится обширная лесная зона, или тайга, покрывающая половину территории страны. Там растут березы и ели. Дальше на юг растут ель, сосна, пихта, кедр и некоторые лиственные деревья. Животный мир тайги включает лося, русского медведя, северного оленя, рысь, соболя, белку, сову, дятла и некоторых других птиц. В широколиственных лесах Европы встречаются кабан, олень, косуля, благородный олень, норка, куница.
Дальше на юг находится лесостепная зона, а затем степи с различными травами, небольшие участки дуба, березы и осины. Типичные млекопитающие - различные грызуны (хомяки и тушканчики), птицы-жаворонки, журавли, орлы, большая Дрофа.
В полупустынной зоне типичными животными являются дикие кошки и сайгаки, ящерицы, змеи и черепахи.