Великобритания является парламентской монархией. это означает, что в качестве главы государства есть монарх (король или королева). великобритания - монархия, но парламентская демократия по существу. полномочия монарха точно не определены. государем является глава государства, и как таковой является законодательная власть, исполнительная власть и временный глава установленной церкви . королева великобритании также является главой содружества, поэтому королева канады, австралии, новой зеландии и других стран, входящих в содружество, является ассоциацией бывших членов британской империи и великобритании. на практике, однако, постепенно развивающиеся ограничения превратили юридические полномочия суверена в инструменты для осуществления народной воли, выраженные через парламент. в британской формулировке суверен правит, но не господствует, поскольку суверен находится под законом, а не над ним, только одобрением парламента и действуя только по совету своих министров. но сегодня все делается по имени королевы. это ее правительство, ее вооруженные силы, ее суды и т. д. формально король или королева имеют право распустить парламент и назначить премьер-министра. (кстати, они ни разу не воспользовались этой прерогативой.) само собой разумеется, что реальная власть осуществляется парламентом и правительством. но было бы ошибкой уклониться от реальных последствий жизни, наносимых короной на политический и моральный климат общества. обладая несметным богатством и поддерживая обширные связи и отношения в самых высоких слоях общества в стране и избавляясь от бесконечной информации (букингемский дворец регулярно получает сверхсекретные правительственные документы), королева и члены королевской семьи оказывают ощутимое (хотя и незаметное ) влияние на формирование и формулирование как иностранных, так и формулировок как внешней, так и внутренней политики. королева богата, как и другие члены королевской семьи. кроме того, правительство платит за свои расходы в качестве главы государства, за королевскую яхту, поезд и самолет, а также за содержание нескольких дворцов. изображение королевы появляется на марках, заметках, монетах. королева елизавета ii является четвертым властелином дома виндзора. она родилась в лондоне 21 апреля 1926 года и была коронована в вестминстере 2 июня 1953 года, после смерти отца (короля георгия vi) в 1952 году. в 1947 году, как принцесса элизабет, она вышла замуж за филиппа маунтбеттена, который был создан принцем филиппом, герцогом эдинбургским , у них четверо детей: чарльз (принц уэльский), принцесса анна (принцесса королевская), андрей (герцог йоркский) и принц эдвард. ее величество является шестой королевской королевой великобритании. в 2002 году она отметила свой золотой юбилей. поскольку норманское завоевание только 14 суверенов правил более 25 лет.пипец я переводила минут 20.
Abai Kunanbaev - great poet, writer, public figure and founder of modern Kazakh written literature, reformer of culture in spirit of rapprochement with Russian and European culture on the basis of enlightened liberal Islam.
Abai was born August 10, 1845 in Chingiz mountains, Semipalatinsk region (under the current administrative division) from one of the four wives kunanbai, senior Sultan karkarala district. Abai's family was aristocratic, and grandfather (Oskenbai) and grandfather (Irgizbaya) dominated in his family as rulers and biys. He was lucky in the sense of family coziness and home care, as both mother Ulzhan and grandmother zere were extremely charming and gifted natures. It is with the light hand of the mother the father the name of "Ibrahim" was replaced by the hypocoristic "Abai", that means "circumspect, thoughtful". Under this name he lived all his life and went down in history.
Begun in early childhood introduction to the oral folklore of the people and home the training was continued mullahs in the madrassas of Imam Ahmad Riza. Simultaneously, he studied at Russian school and by the end of the five-year study began to write poetry. With 13 years Kunanbay starts to accustom Abai to administrative activity of the head of family. He had to understand the intergeneric disputes, quarrels, intrigues, and gradually he was disappointed to administrative and political activities, which led to the fact that at the age of 28 years, Abay departs from it entirely took up self-education. But for 40 years he is aware of his vocation as a poet and citizen, in particular, putting under the poem "Summer" is his name (he had previously attributed his works to a friend Zhantasova Kokay). Considerable impetus to the erection high potency of Abay at this point was his Association with the exiled Russian, with E. P. Mikhaelis, N. Dolgopolov, S. Gross. Abay's treatment of Russian culture in the nineteenth century experienced a period of "storm and stress" in literature and art, was the more natural that in the Eastern tradition, the poetic word was highly appreciated. Abai was closed to the poetry of Pushkin, Lermontov, Goethe and Byron. He is in his transcriptions of the Kazakh subtly conveyed the spirit of the translated poems and adapted for attitude of the tribesmen.
For 20 years the blooms are extremely versatile genius of Abai, he gains extraordinary authority, huge and hitherto in the desert not seen the popularity. To it flock the akyns, singers, composers, crowding around him talented young people, creates socio-philosophical and literary schools.
But Abay as the dominant causes wild envy, the rabid animosity shown in the most artful forms. Last strokes of bad luck are connected with death of Abdrahman and magavi. He rejected treatment of an illness and has voluntary doomed itself to death. He is buried near his wintering in the valley zhidebai, near the Chingiz mountains, 60 year life.
Abai was born August 10, 1845 in Chingiz mountains, Semipalatinsk region (under the current administrative division) from one of the four wives kunanbai, senior Sultan karkarala district. Abai's family was aristocratic, and grandfather (Oskenbai) and grandfather (Irgizbaya) dominated in his family as rulers and biys. He was lucky in the sense of family coziness and home care, as both mother Ulzhan and grandmother zere were extremely charming and gifted natures. It is with the light hand of the mother the father the name of "Ibrahim" was replaced by the hypocoristic "Abai", that means "circumspect, thoughtful". Under this name he lived all his life and went down in history.
Begun in early childhood introduction to the oral folklore of the people and home the training was continued mullahs in the madrassas of Imam Ahmad Riza. Simultaneously, he studied at Russian school and by the end of the five-year study began to write poetry. With 13 years Kunanbay starts to accustom Abai to administrative activity of the head of family. He had to understand the intergeneric disputes, quarrels, intrigues, and gradually he was disappointed to administrative and political activities, which led to the fact that at the age of 28 years, Abay departs from it entirely took up self-education. But for 40 years he is aware of his vocation as a poet and citizen, in particular, putting under the poem "Summer" is his name (he had previously attributed his works to a friend Zhantasova Kokay). Considerable impetus to the erection high potency of Abay at this point was his Association with the exiled Russian, with E. P. Mikhaelis, N. Dolgopolov, S. Gross. Abay's treatment of Russian culture in the nineteenth century experienced a period of "storm and stress" in literature and art, was the more natural that in the Eastern tradition, the poetic word was highly appreciated. Abai was closed to the poetry of Pushkin, Lermontov, Goethe and Byron. He is in his transcriptions of the Kazakh subtly conveyed the spirit of the translated poems and adapted for attitude of the tribesmen.
For 20 years the blooms are extremely versatile genius of Abai, he gains extraordinary authority, huge and hitherto in the desert not seen the popularity. To it flock the akyns, singers, composers, crowding around him talented young people, creates socio-philosophical and literary schools.
But Abay as the dominant causes wild envy, the rabid animosity shown in the most artful forms. Last strokes of bad luck are connected with death of Abdrahman and magavi. He rejected treatment of an illness and has voluntary doomed itself to death. He is buried near his wintering in the valley zhidebai, near the Chingiz mountains, 60 year life.